Vocabulary

thoroughly – тщательно, вполне

to fill - наполнять

to reinforce - укреплять

considerable - значительный

mould – форма, лепка

consolidated - укрепленный

II. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary

III. Put all types of questions to the sentence Concrete must be thoroughly worked into the forms

***

I. Translate the texts

A

The chemical composition and characteristics of white Portland cement are similar to those of ordinary Portland cement except that the latter is of a grey color. The color of white cement is due to the raw materials used and special precautions taken in its production. The materials are pure limestone and china (white) clay, the iron oxide content being less than 1 percent. White cement is more expensive than ordinary cement. It is used in places where, for ornamental purpose, the white color is desirable.

B

High alumina cement is dark brown in color. It contains about 40 percent each of lime and alumina with about 15 percent of iron oxides. This cement sets at about the same rate as Portland cement but gains strength very rapidly. Owing to the chemical activity after hardening for the first 24 hours, it requires very wet curing conditions. This cement is several times more costly than ordinary cement.

C

Sandstones consist of grains and quartz (sand and silica) held together by a cement or matrix. Sandstones are classified according to the nature of the binding material. Sandstones form one of the most valuable materials. The durability of sandstones depends very largely upon the cementing material. Sandstones are therefore generally considered to be the most durable of the sedimentary rocks, as the binding material of silica is highly resistant to acid attack. The excellent state of preservation of many ancient, buildings built of this stone is evidence of this. City buildings constructed of sandstone often assume a drab appearance owing to the dark color.

II. Read and translate the text

Plastics have now been developed to such extent that they can be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint. Plastics products offer many advantages over the materials they replace, such as ease of handling, lower maintenance costs and rapidity of assembly. The large range of decorative plastics laminates now available to the architect and builder has brought about a revolution in interior and exterior design.

These materials are no longer for decoration only, but are made to withstand severe outdoor conditions for varying periods of time and are sufficiently rapid to stand on their own in certain cases without support. They can be worked by all the methods commonly employed by the builder.

Vocabulary

to develop - развивать

foundation - фундамент

coat - покрытие

handling - подход

maintenance - поддержание

II. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary

III. Answer the questions

1. Where can plastics be applied?

2. What are the advantages that plastics can offer?

3. Are plastics used only for decorations?

4. Can plastics withstand severe outdoor conditions?

IV. Put all types of questions to the sentence

Plastics products offer many advantages

V. Imagine that you are building a house. Speak about the building materials you are going to use while building it.

VI. Write a composition called “Building materials”, giving the most important information about building materials from the texts in this unit.

VII. Retell your composition.

GRAMMAR: PASSIVE VOICE

В английском языке существует два залога - активный и пассивный.

Активный (действительный) залог (Active Voice) показывает, что лицо или предмет, выраженный подлежащим предложения, является исполнителем действия, которое выражено сказуемым.

EXAMPLE: She is listening to her favorite song.

Она слушает свою любимую песню.

My parents travel a lot.

Мои родители много путешествуют.

Пассивный (страдательный) залог (Pasive Voice) широко употребляется в современном английском языке. Как правило, пассивные конструкции используются, если нет необходимости называть исполнителя действия, который подразумевается из контекста или же ясен из той или иной ситуации.

EXAMPLE: Her two brothers were killed in the war.

Двух ее братьев убило во время войны.

The letter has been sent this morning.

Письмо было отправлено этим утром.

Форма пассивного залога в английском языке об­разуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола be в нужной форме и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола:

• the Present Simple - is (am, are) done

• the Past Simple - was (were) done

• the Future Simple - will (shall) be done

• the Present Perfect - has (have) been done

• the Past Perfect - had been done

• the Future Perfect - will (shall) have been done и т.д.

Лицо или предмет, производящее действие, выраженное глаголом в страдательном залоге, передается существительным в общем падеже или личным местоимением в объектном падеже с предлогом by:

EXAMPLE: активный залог – I read a book.

пассивный залог – A book is read by me.

В вопросительных предложениях первый вспо­могательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим. EX. Is the work done? В отрицательных предложениях отрицательная частица not стоит после первого вспомогательного глагола. EX. The work is not done yesterday.