Vocabulary

application – применение

scientific – научный

engine – прибор

to execute - выполнять

branch – отрасль

nuclear – ядерный

mining – угольный

marine – морской

sanitary – санитарный

forces of nature – силы природы

to protect – защищать

to sustain - поддерживать, выдерживать

to distinguish – различать, называть

former – первый

latter – последний

to enrich – расширять

achievement – достижение

remarkable – значительный

Invention – изобретение

growth – рост

subdivision – подразделение

narrow – узкий

II. Make up your own sentences with the vocabulary

III. Answer the questions

1. What does the term “engineering” mean in general?

2. What does the term “engineering” mean nowadays?

3. Where is the term “engineering” applied?

4. What are the most important branches of “engineering”?

5. When did “civil engineering” start developing?

6. What is important to know to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays?

7. When was the word “civil engineering” used for the first time?

8. What branches did civil engineering included?

9. How was the art of engineering enriched?

10. What happened with the beginning of the industrial revolution?

11. What happened with the development of science of electricity?

12. What appeared in the middle of the 20^th century?

13. What meanings does the term “civil engineering” have?

14. What are the fields of civil engineering?

IV. Complete the following sentences

1. The term “engineering” means …

2. The most important of them are …

3. … have always been necessary for the people from the prehistorical times.

4. First the word “civil engineering” was used to …

5. But as time went on, the art of engineering was …

6. All this led to …

7. … were called “mechanical engineers”.

8. In the middle of the 20^th century there appeared …

9. … has two distinct meanings.

10. But in its narrower, Civil engineering includes …

V. Make up a dialogue on the basis of this text

VI. Put all types of the sentences

• Nowadays the term “engineering” means the art of designing, constructing, using engines.

• “Civil engineering” started developing with the rise of ancient Rome.

• All this led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering.

VII. Retell the text grammar: gerund

Герундий — неличная форма глагола, которая имеется в английском, но отсутствует в русском языке. По своим функциям герундий совпадает во многом с инфинитивом, т. е. также имеет функции и существительного, и глагола.

Функции существительного у герундия следующие:

1) Герундий может быть подлежащим в предложении:

EXAMPLE: Talking with you is a real pleasure.

2) Герундий может быть в предложении прямым или предложным дополнением:

EXAMPLE: We like playing tennis.

3) Герундий может быть в предложении предикативным членом (именной частью составного сказуемого):

EXAMPLE: Her task was looking after small children.

Наряду с функциями существительного герундий имеет также и глагольные функции:

1) После герундия может стоять прямое дополнение:

EXAMPLE: After signing this document, the secretary went away.

2) Герундий определяется наречием:

EXAMPLE: I don't like walking slowly.

3) Герундий может быть частью сложного сказуемого:

EXAMPLE: The boy started running to the river.

Так же, как и инфинитив, герундий имеет временные глагольные формы: