- •4G02010000(430eOooooo)-274____gl8_8g а— ' 001(01)—вё
- •For the first time — впервые, в первый раз
- •World-known — всемирно известный
- •Side by side with — наряду с
- •I6x1017 — sixteen (multiplied by ten to the) seventeenth (power)
- •On the order of the day — на повестке дня
- •To make the sun heat — заставить солнце согревать
- •According to — в соответствии с
- •In fact — на самом деле, фактически
- •But rather — а скорее
- •Io keep watch over — наблюдать за
- •To make it possible — делать возможным
- •1. Dates from long ago — возникла давно 2„ as far as in — еще в 3. Up till — вплоть до
- •To make a contribution — внести вклад
- •To win recognition — получить призвание
- •To put into practice — осуществлять
- •In the same way — таким же образом
- •Moving pictures — (движущиеся) изображения
- •1. What actually goes on — что, фактически, происходит
- •Marie curie and the discovery of radium
- •Subterranean — подземный (от лат. Terra — земли)
- •Blocks of flats — многоквартирные дома
- •1, Northern-most points — самые северные точки
- •2. On a lattice-like metal support — на металлической подставке в виде решетки
- •In step with — зд. Одновременно
- •To be in progress — sd. Происходить
- •Which were undreamt of —- о которых и не мечтали
- •On behalf of science — во имя науки
- •Something like that — или около этого
- •So are most metals — а также и большинство металлов
- •The site of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research —местонахождение Объединенного института ядерных исследований
- •In effect — фактически
- •Thus keeping the reaction going — таким образом продолжая реакцию
- •The white-hot operating temperature — рабочая температура
- •To come into being — появиться
- •To show oneself to advantage — оказаться полезным, выгодным
- •1. Hard armour of nitride — твердое нитрндное покрытие
- •Will be accessible — станет доступной
- •Side by side with — наряду с
- •On request — по требованию
- •Thin Him properties — свойства тонкой пленки
- •To simulate — ад. Моделировать, создавать
- •Silver nitrate — азотнокислое серебро
- •It is ten times the size — в десять раз больше
- •A measure of response — мера чувствительности
- •To display remarkable ability in science — проявить блестящие способности в науке
- •The "Principia" — «Начала»
- •Are true to this day — не потеряли своего значения до сегодняшнего дня
- •Minute porous cavities — крошечные пористые пустоты
- •Self-lubricating characteristic — свойство, обеспечивающее ca-мосмазыванне деталей
- •Invisible wire
- •2. Tensile strength — технический предел прочности на разрыв
- •Incandescent lamp — лампа накаливания
- •"Cold" daylight lamp — «холодная» лздша дневного света
- •1. To come to Hie again — возродиться what is an electron?
- •To result in an acceleration — вызывать ускорение
- •1. Knuckle-heads — вд. Тупоголовые 2 to click t
- •Didn't know any better! — He придумала ничего лучше!
- •"The spirit is willing, but the iiesh is weak." — .«Дух бодр, да плоть немощна»..
- •1. "Ether towns" — «небесные города»
- •Laboratory compartment — лабораторный отсек
- •Celestial body — небесное тело
- •I. To come to know — узнать
- •The answer was not long In coming — ответ не заставил себя ждать
- •To be sure — быть уверенным
- •In fact — в самом деле
- •In general — вообще
- •Is it worth while...? —- стоит ли...?
- •It makes no difference — не имеет значения
- •As well as — так же как
- •By chance — случайно
- •To treat — относиться
- •By all means — непременно
- •I admire you still more — я восхищаюсь Вами еще больше
- •To lose the presence of mind — терять присутствие духа
- •To regard as revenge — считать местью
- •2. When he happened — когда ему случалось
- •Absent-minded — рассеянный
- •Never mind — зд. Ничего
- •At last — наконец
- •You'd better — вам бы лучше
- •1. Narrows down and becomes infinitely small — сужается и c№
- •2. Point of view — точка зрения
- •The Academic Board — ученый совет
- •He used to be always silent — он обычно молчал
- •To bear — выносить, вынести
- •Vice versa — лат. Наоборот
- •To be on sale — продаваться
- •To sell well — хорошо распродаваться 3". In competition to — конкурируя с higher and further education 1 in britain
- •The undergraduate course — последний год обучения в университете
- •Degree examination — экзамен на степень
- •Honours degree — степень с отличием; Pass degree — степень без отличия
- •Learned societies — научные общества
- •Production engineering — организация производственного процесса
- •Human sciences — гуманитарные науки
- •Undisciplined-looking buildings — здания, расположенные беспорядочно
- •Double-decker — двухэтажный автобус
- •You need eyes all round your head — надо смотреть во все глаза
- •The Pool of London —Лондонский бассейн, старейшая часть порта и доков
- •"Water-rats" — морские воры (букв, водяные крысы)
- •To pick at them — зд. Стащить что-нибудь
- •Cable operated — двигались по кабелю
- •Tube — метрополитен (в Лондоне); "Twopenny Tube" — двухпенсовая подземка
- •A night out at a theatre — вечер, проведенный в театре
- •For hours — в течение нескольких часов
- •Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) — Рейнольде, Джошуа — выдающийся английский портретист
- •Free of charge —• бесплатно
- •Makes some men feel annoyed — sd. Вызывает у некоторых людей раздражение
- •Esq. Сокр. От esquire — эсквайр (дворянское звание, присваивается также мэрам и старшему чиновничеству)
- •An otherwise dispassionate race — во всем другом совершенно бесстрастной нации
- •English people as they are
The site of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research —местонахождение Объединенного института ядерных исследований
In effect — фактически
ATOMIC POWER FOR ROCKETS
The heart of a nuclear-rocket engine, of course, is the reactor that converts nuclear energy into heat.
The fuel of the reactor consists of a special kind of "isotope" of uranium, called Uramum-235. When properly bombarded with neutrons the uranium nuclei break up or "fission" into a pair of fragments and emit more neutrons in the process, thus keeping the reaction going.1 . The fission process releases energy and the excess energy is carried away by the neutrons and by gamma rays. Since all of the fragments and most of the neutrons and gamma rays are stopped within the reactor, the energy that is released by U-235 fission will heat the reactor.
For making a nuclear-rocket engine thermally efficient the reactor's temperature must be as high as possible. The melting point of uranium, 2,070 degrees F, sets a theoretical limit. Graphite, which withstands much higher temperatures, is a very good material for the reactor's "moderator". So all present experimental reactors for nuclear-rocket engines are made of U-235 metal powder placed in graphite.
A cold gas, the hydrogen, enters several hundred narrow passages drilled through the graphite-uranium reactor core and is heated almost to the white-hot operating temperature.2 On coming from the passages, the hot gas expands through a nozzle in which it attains supersonic speed. The exhaust speed of the nuclear-rocket engine can probably reach 23,000 to 30,000 feet per second, which is twice as much as from a rocket engine using chemical combustion of hydrogen and oxygen.
• Notes
Thus keeping the reaction going — таким образом продолжая реакцию
The white-hot operating temperature — рабочая температура
«белого каления»
LASERS HELP SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY (to be read after Lesson 17)
The achievements of Soviet scientists in designing lasers and developing laser technology are common knowledge. Lasers cut, melt and weld metals, help doctors and biologists. Laser spectrometers with a computerized data gathering and processing system have come into being.1 Industrial lasers have shown themselves to advantage * in transfer lines: for instance, at the Likhachev motor works in Moscow the laser beam doubles the durability of work pieces.
The behaviour of molecules in a laser radiation field has been theoretically predicted, and the techniques of controlling physico-chemical properties of gases have been developed, which is needed for devising new techniques of production.. The interest scientists take in phenomena occurring in gaseous atmospheres is only natural, because they hold the key to the synthesis of new substances, the acceleration of chemical reactions, etc.
Spectral analysis in our time is one of the most effective methods for determining the chemical composition of substances, the method which science and industry are demanding more and more. They need more accurate and faster methods of analysis of the rapid technological processes taking place in conditions inaccessible to man. Leningrad physicists have developed a method for using optical quantum generators for spectral analysis.
The research done by scientists has shown that using the new method it is possible to increase considerably accuracy and speed of analysis and even to make it automatic.
With quantum generators it is possible to carry out analyses of substances in unusual conditions, in particular, in vessels, where there is either an extremely rare fied atmosphere, or high pressure.
It seems it will be possible to carry out analyses inside industrial apparatus, in particular, in smelting furnaces during the smelting of metals. The method developed makes the control of technological processes more rapid than ever.
One more problem is of great interest to scientists: combining the two biggest technological discoveries of the second half of the century—the laser and thermonuclear reaction—to produce a practically limitless source of energy.
New generations of laser are being designed at the Industrial Laser Research Centre of the USSR Academy of Sciences. This centre has the task of providing the national economy with reliable industrial lasers.
Notes