UNIT 2

Text 1: Economics

Texts 1 Economics - what it is about? 2 The means of scarcity 3 Choice and opportunity cost 4 Production, exchange and consumption 5 Wealth and income Grammar Revision 1 Простые времена 2 Притяжательный падеж существительных 3 Порядок слов в простом предложении

Economics - what it is about?

Many of the words used by economists are very familiar to us. We know that economists talk and write about such topics as money, prices, wages, employment, taxes, exports and imports, earning, and spending. Every day some economic problem or other is mentioned in the newspapers, on the radio and on the television. Economics is a science and part of our everyday lives, for:

- we live in an economic system,

- every day we take part in economic activities, and

- we are familiar with the words used by economists.

Economics is about economising, that is, “making the most of what we have”. For the individual, this means using one's abilities and spending one's income in the way that gives the most satisfaction or benefit.

For the community as a whole, it means using the people's skills and energies, the land, the buildings, the machinery and the other economic resources so as to obtain the highest possible standards of living.

Vocabulary

economics - экономика

familiar - близкий, хорошо знакомый

to be familiar with - знать (что-либо), быть в курсе (чего-либо)

wages - зарплата (рабочих)

salary - зарплата (служащих)

tax - налог

to earn - зарабатывать

that is - то есть

to make the most of - использовать наилучшим образом

to mean (meant, meant) - означать

ability - способность

income - доходы

to satisfy - удовлетворять

satisfaction - удовлетворение

benefit - польза, выгода, привиле­гия, преимущество

community - объединение, сообщество, группа людей, объединенных каким-либо признаками

as a whole - в целом

skill - умение, мастерство

to obtain – получать, приобретать

standard of living = living standard - жизненный уровень

Grammar Revision la: Простые времена (Indefinite / Simple Tenses)

Present Simple (Indefinite)
I like it. You like it Не/She likes it. We like it. You like it They like it.	I do not like it You do not like it. Не/She does not like it. We do not like it. You do not like it They do not like it	Do you like it? - Yes, I do. .No, I do not. Does he/she like it? - Yes, he/she does. No, he/she does not. Do you like it? - Yes, we do. No, we do not. Do they like it? - Yes, they do. No, they do not.
	Past Simple (Indefinite)
I liked it. You liked it. He/she liked it. We liked it. You liked it. They liked it.	I did not like it. You did not like it. He/she did not like it. We did not like it. You did not like it. They did not like it	Did you like it?- Yes, I did. No, I did not. Did he/she like it? - Yes, he/she did. No, he/she did not. Did you like it? - Yes, we did. No, we did not. Did they like it? - Yes, they did. No, they did not.
Future Simple (Indefinite)
I shall/will like it. You will like it. Не/She will like it. We shall/will like it. You will like it They will like it	I shall/will not like it. You will not like it. Не/She will not like it. We shall/will not it. like it You will not like it. They will not like it.	Will you like it? - Yes, I shall/will. No, I shall/will not Will he/she like it? - Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not. Will you like it? - Yes, we shall/will. No, we shall/will not. Will they like it? - Yes, they will. No, they will not.

1. Simple (Indefinite) Tenses выражают разовые, повторяющиеся или обычные действия/состояния в настоящем (Present Simple (Indefinite), прошедшем (Past Simple (Indefinite) и будущем времени (Future Simple (Indefinite).

На русский язык глаголы в Simple (Indefinite) Tenses переводятся настоящим, прошедшим и будущим временем:

Не often goes to the theatre. Он часто ходит в театр.

She usually went to the cinema on Saturdays. Она ходила в кино обычно по субботам.

What will they do tomorrow? Что они будут делать завтра?

I shall not leave Moscow. Я не уеду из Москвы.

2 Present Simple (Indefinite) образуются от инфинитива смыслового глагола (без частицы to), кроме 3-го л. ед. ч., имеющего окончание -s.

3 Образование Past Simple (Indefinite) зависит от того, является ли глагол пра­вильным или неправильным. Если глагол правильный, то к инфинитиву добавляется окончание -ed. Неправильные глаголы образуют Past Simple (Indefinite) не по правилу. Эти глаголы следует заучивать наизусть:

to go (идти) - went - gone

to do (делать) -did - done

to leave (покидать) - left - left

to see (видеть) - saw - seen

He left for Oslo last month. Он уехал в Осло в прошлом месяце.

She saw him off. Она провожала его.

4 Future Simple (Indefinite) образуется с помощью вспомогательных глаголов shall, will и инфинитива смыслового глагола (без частицы to).

5 Отрицательные и вопросительные формы в Simple (Indefinite) Tenses образу­ются с помощью вспомогательных глаголов do/does, did, shall/will и от­рицательной частицы not.

6 В разговорной речи часто употребляются краткие формы вспомога­тельных глаголов:

do not = don't shall not = shan't

does not = doesn't will not = won't

did not = didn't

I don't often meet him. Я не часто встречаю его.

Не didn't work yesterday. Он не работал вчера.

She won't come. Она не придет.

Exercises

1 Make these sentences negative:

(1) I remember these rules.

(2) He knows these words.

(3) She often reads books on economics.

(4) He often writes about such topics as goods and taxes.

(5) They sometimes read The Economist, an English journal.

(6) This company specialises in exports and imports.

(7) We often speak about money, prices and inflation.

2 Read and answer these questions:

- Does he often speak about taxes?

- Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.

(1) Does your friend often speak about earning and spending money?

(2) Do many people speak about these things?

(3) What topics do you usually discuss with your friends?

(4) When did you last see your best friend?

(5) When will you see him again?

3 Translate into English:

(1) Мы не будем обсуждать эту тему на следующем занятии.

(2) Он много знает об этих проблемах российской экономики.

(3) Она часто принимала участие в дискуссиях?

(4) Вы будете обсуждать вопрос о различных экономических сис­темах?

(5) Сегодня основная тема нашей лекции «Безработица».

(6) Я не часто встречала этот термин в газетах и журналах.

Grammar Revision lb: Indefinite Tenses of the verb to be

Present Simple (Indefinite)
I am happy. You are happy. Не/She is happy. We are happy. You are happy. They are happy.	I am not happy. You are not happy. Не/She is not happy. We are not happy. You are not happy. They are not happy.	Are you happy? - Yes, I am. No, I am not. Is he/she. Happy? - Yes, he/she is. No, he/she is not. Are we happy? - Yes, we are. No, we are not. Are they happy? - Yes, they are. No, they are not.
Past Simple (Indefinite)
I was happy. You were happy. Не/She was happy. We were happy. You were happy. They were happy.	I was not happy. You were not happy. Не/She was not happy. We were not happy. You were not happy. They were not happy.	Were you happy? - Yes, I was. No, I was not. Was he/she happy? - Yes, he/she was. No, he/she was not Were you happy? - Yes, we were. No, we were not. Were they happy? - Yes, they were. No, they were not
Future Simple (Indefinite)
I shall/will be happy. You will be happy. He/she will not be happy. We shall/will be happy. You will be happy. They will be happy.	I shall/will not be happy. You will not be happy. Не/She will not be happy. We shall/will not be happy. You will not be happy. They will not be happy.	Will you be happy? - Yes, I shall/will. No, I shall/will not. Will he/she be happy? - Yes, he/she will. No, he/she will not Will you be happy? - Yes, we will. No, we shall/will not. Will they be happy? - Yes, they will. No, they will not.

1 Неправильный глагол to be быть образует Present Simple (Indefinite) и Past Simple (Indefinite) не по правилам.

2 В разговорной речи часто употребляются краткие формы глагола to be:

am ='m am not = 'm not

is = 's is not = 'm not

are = 're are not = aren't

shall be = 'II be shall not be = shan't be

will be = 'II be will not be = won't be

was not = wasn't

were not = weren't

They're students. Они студенты. We weren't surprised. Мы не удивились.

I'll be glad to see you. Я буду рад увидеться с вами.