25. Political structure of Ukraine and the uk (comperative analysis)

The British parliamentary form: 1)The election solves two questions: On one hand, the forming of the Parliament. And on the other hand, the creation of the Government and different coalitions. 2)The Government is formed only by the Parliament. 3)The executive Power is separated. 4) Parliament consists of two chambers: House of Lords and the House of Commons. 5) The Queen has almost no power in the country. Her powers are limited by the Parliament. 6) In GB there are 3 political parties: The Conservalives, The Labourists, The Liberals. 7) GB has no Constitution. The Ukrainian "semi-pesidential" form: 1)The election solves just one question: Either the problem of forming the Parliament or the creation of the Government. 2)The Government is formed by both the President and the Parliament. 3)The exscetive Power is not separated. 4)Parliament consists of 450 National Deputies elected for 5-year term.5) A President governs the country with the help of his administration and the Cabinet of Ministers headed by the Prime-Minister. 6)Ukraine has a multi-party system, with numerous parties. 7) Ukraine has a Constitution. Ukraine is a republic. Legislative power belongs to the parliament that is called “Verkhovna Rada.” The deputies are elected by secret ballot all over the country. They have meetings when they discuss the problems of the country and new laws. The leader of the Verkhovna Rada is called “Holova”. He is elected by the deputiesBesides, there is a President too. He governs the country with the help of his administration and the Cabinet of Ministers headed by the Prime-Minister. In each region there is regional Rada. It governs the region. Political system of the UK The executive br.( the Head-president),the legislative br.(Parliament-the congress,the political parties),the judicial br.(the Suprem lourt)

26. American history: protestants and puritans; the first colonies

Protestantism is one of the four major divisions within Christianity, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church, and the Anglican Church traditions. The term is most closely tied to those groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Protestants refer to specific Protestant groupings of churches that share in common foundational doctrines and the name of their groups as "denominations". They are differently named parts of the whole "church"; Protestants reject the Catholic doctrine that it is the one true church. Though "the New England Way" evolved into a relatively minor system of organizing religious experience within the broader American scene, its central themes recur in the related religious communities of Quakers, Baptists, Presbyterians, Methodists, and a whole range of evangelical Protestants. The word "Puritan" was originally an alternate term for "Cathar" and was a pejorative term used to characterize them as extremists similar to the Cathari of France. Although the Puritans were under the influence of radicals critical of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva, they seldom cooperated with Presbyterians in England. Instead, many advocated for separation from all other Christians, in favor of gathered churches under autonomous Puritan control.Puritanism, however, had a more significant persistence in American life than as the religion of black-frocked caricatures. It survived, perhaps most conspicuously, in the transmuted secular form of self-reliance and political localism that became, by the Age of Enlightenment, virtually the definition of Americanism. And in its bequest of intellectual and moral rigor to the New England mind, it established what was arguably the central strand of American cultural life until the twentieth century. Puritanism in thе English colonies Virginia A decade before the landing of the Mayflower (1620) in Massachusetts, a strong Puritan influence was established in Virginia. Leaders of the Virginia who settled Jamestown in 1607 believed that they had a covenant with God, and they carefully read the message of their successes and failures. A typical Puritan vision was held by the Virginia settler Sir Thomas Dale. Other colonies Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven were not the only variations on the main theme of realizing the holy commonwealth in America. Roger Williams and the other founders of Rhode Island must also be regarded as Puritans with the “one principle, that every one should have liberty to worship God according to the light of their consciences.” William Penn’s “holy experiment” in Pennsylvania represented the Quaker variation of the Puritan experiment. When Penn became owner of this vast tract of land, he saw it as a mandate from God to form an ideal commonwealth. In New Jersey, Puritans from the New Haven colony who were dissatisfied with the Half-Way Convenant sought to reestablish the pristine Puritan community at Newark. Maryland, which had been established under Roman Catholic auspices, soon had a strong Puritan majority among its settlers. Indeed, there was no colony in which Puritan influence was not strong, and one estimate identifies 85 percent of the churches in the original 13 colonies as Puritan in spirit.