- •Lecture 6 Phraseology
- •1. The definition of the term ‘phraseology’.
- •2. Difference between phraseological units and free groups.
- •3. Proverbs, sayings and quotations.
- •4. Polysemy and synonymy of phraseological units.
- •5. Sources of phraseological units.
- •Lecture 7 Classifications of phraseological units
- •1. Thematic or etymological classification.
- •2. Semantic classification by V.V. Vinogradov.
- •3. Structural classification.
- •4. A.I. Smirnitsky’s classification.
- •5. N.N. Amosova’s classification.
- •6. A.V. Koonin’s classification.
- •7. I.V. Arnold’s classification (syntactical).
- •Lecture 8 American English
- •Linguistic status of American English.
- •There are also some phonetic variants, e.G.:
- •3. The grammar system of American English.
- •Lecture 9 Lexicography
- •1. Some main problems in Lexicography.
- •2. Types of dictionaries.
- •Linguistic
- •Encyclopaedic
4. A.I. Smirnitsky’s classification.
Professor A.I. Smirnitsky made an attempt to combine the structural and the semantic principles in his classification. He grouped phraseological units according to the number and semantic significance of their constituent parts. Accordingly he established two large groups:
one–summit units, which have one meaningful constituent, e.g. to give up, to make out, to be tired, to be surprised, by heart, for good, by means of, etc.
Establishing this class of one–summit units A.I. Smirnitsky finds a place for units that have been for a long time the object of many discussions, do not fit into any system, and so are always treated ad some as some soft of exception. A lot of Russian scholars do not regard these word–groups as phraseological units.
2) two-summit and multi–summit units which have two or more meaningful constituents, e.g. to take the chair, common sense, to fish in troubled waters, etc.
Within these two large groups the phraseological units are classified according to the category of parts of speech of the summit constituent.
So, one–summit units are subdivided into:
a) the verb – adverb combinations of the ‘give up’ or ‘make out’ type, equivalent to verbs; the semantic and the grammatical centres coincide in the first constituent.
b) units equivalent to verbs; the semantic centre here does not coincide with the grammatical one. Their semantic centre is transferred to the second component, the grammatical centre is in the first, e.g. to be tired, to be surprised, etc.
c) prepositional–substantive units as rule function in speech as adverbs or as form-words. The units of this group have no grammatical centre whatever, they have their semantic centre in the substantive component: by heart, for good, by means of, in order that, etc.
Two–summit and multi–summit phraseological units are classified intro:
attributive–substantive two–summit units equivalent to nouns, e.g. first night, etc.
verbal–substantive two–summit units equivalent to verbs, e.g. to take the floor, etc.
phraseological repetitions equivalent to adverbs, e.g. now or never, etc.
adverbial multi–summit units, e.g. every other day, etc.)
In his classification professor A.I. Smirnitsky also distinguishes proper phraseological units which have non–figurative meanings and idioms which have transferred meanings based on a metaphor.
Professor A.V.Koonin pointed out some inconsistenciss in this classification. They are the following:
The subdivision into phraseological units as non–idiomatic units and idioms contradicts the leading criterion of a phraseological unit suggested by Professor A.I. Smirnitsky: it should be idiomatic.
Such word–groups as black art, best man, first night are included in phraseology but they are not characterized by a transferred meaning.
Verbs with post–positives as give up, make out are included in the classification but their status as phraseological units is not supported by any convincing argument.