Причастия (The Participles)

Причастие – неличная форма глагола, которая соответствует в русском языке причастию и деепричастию.

Participle I (Причастие I) имеет две формы: Indefinite (Non-Perfect, Simple) и Perfect, Participle II – только одну форму.

Формы причастия

Формы	Действительный залог (Active)	Страдательный залог (Passive)
Indefinite (Non-Perfect, Simple)	asking (Ving)	being asked (being Ved/III)
Perfect	having asked (having Ved/III)	having been asked (having been Ved/III)
Participle II (Past)		asked (Ved/III)

Indefinite (Non-Perfect, Simple) Participle выражает действие одновременное действию глагола сказуемого.

• Do you see the child waving the flag?

• That day we stayed at home watching TV.

• The houses being built in our town now are high.

Perfect Participle выражает действие предшествующее действию глагола сказуемого.

• Having finished the letter, he went to the post office. – Закончив письмо, он пошел на почту.

• Having been packed, the parcel was taken to the post-office. – После того как посылку упаковали, ее отнесли на почту.

Примечание. Предшествующее действие не всегда выражается при помощи Perfect Participle с глаголами чувственного восприятия и движения: to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn, etc. В этом случае используется The Indefinite Participle (переводится на русский язык деепричастием совершенного вида)

• Hearing footsteps he rose and went to open the door. – Услышав шаги, он встал и пошел открывать дверь.

• Arriving at the station he immediately went to the platform. – Приехав на станцию, он немедленно пошел на платформу.

Функции причастий в предложении

1) Определение

Participle I Indefinite Active в функции определения переводится на русский язык причастием с суффиксами -ущ, -ющ, -ащ, -ящ, -вш.

• The boy playing in the garden is my son. – Мальчик, играющий в саду, мой сын.

• They looked at the flying plane. – Они смотрели на летевший самолет.

Participle I Indefinite Passive в функции определения переводится на русский язык страдательным причастием на -мый, щийся.

• The houses being built in our town now are high. – Дома, строящиеся сейчас в нашем городе, высокие.

Participle I Perfect (Active and Passive) в функции определения не употребляется.

Participle II переводится на русский язык причастиями, оканчивающимися на --мый, -нный, -тый.

• The article translated into English is very long. - Статья, переведенная на английский язык, очень большая.

• The subjects studied by our students are rather difficult. – Предметы, изучаемые нашими студентами, довольнo трудные.

• A broken cup lay on the table. – Разбитая чашка лежала на столе.

2) Обстоятельство

Participle I Indefinite Active в функции обстоятельства переводится на русский язык деепричастиями не­совершенного вида на -а, -я (крича, идя), деепричастиями совершенного вида на –в, -я.

• Going home I met a friend of mine. – Идя домой, я встретил одного из своих друзей.

• Receiving a telegram he rang up his manager. – Получив телеграмму, он позвонил своему менеджеру.

В этой функции причастию может предшествовать союз “while” или “when”.

• When going home I met Mike. – Идя домой я встретил Майка. (Когда я шел домой я встретил Майка.

Participle I Indefinite Passive в функции обстоятельства переводится на русский язык при помощи придаточного предложения причины или времени с глаголом сказуемым в страдательном залоге или страдательным деепричастием (being asked – будучи спрошенным).

• Being asked whether he intended to return soon, he replied that he would be away for about three months. – Когда его спросили (Будучи спрошен), намерен ли он скоро возвратиться, он ответил, что будет отсутствовать около трех месяцев.

Participle I Perfect Active в функции обстоятельства переводится на русский язык деепричастием совершенного вида на –в, -я.

• Having finished my work I went home . – Закончив работу, я отправился домой.

• Having come home she began cooking supper. – Придя домой, она начала готовить ужин.

Participle I Perfect Passive в функции обстоятельства переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением времени или причины.

• Having been discussed the book was sent to the publishing house. – После того, как книга была обсуждена (когда), она была отослана в из­дательство.

Participle II в функции обстоятельства переводится на русский язык при помощи придаточного предложения. В этой функции причастию могут предшествовать союзы when, while, if, as, though, although.

• Asked whether he intended to return soon, he replied that he would be away for about three months. – Когда его спросили, намерен ли он скоро возвратиться, он ответил, что будет отсутствовать около трех месяцев.

• Though expected on Sunday he arrived on Monday. – Хотя его ожидали в воскресенье, он приехал в понедельник.

• Ice melts when heated. – Лед тает, когда его нагревают.

• If asked, answer that you are busy. – Если спросят, ответь, что ты занят.

Причастие II (Participle II) употребляется также в конструкции “to have + дополнение + Participle II” и означает, что действие совершается не лицом, обозначенным подлежащим, а кем-то другим для него.

• He had his hair cut yesterday. – Ему подстригли волосы вчера.

• Jill had the roof repaired yesterday. – Джил отремонтировали крышу вчера.

• We are having the house painted at the moment. – Нам красят дом сейчас.

• I want to have my photo taken. – Я хочу сфотографироваться.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Form Participles.

А) Participle I (Active)

to build, to grow, to think, to bring, to determine, to follow, to move, to refuse, to obtain, to contain, to produce, to use, to include, to offer, to enter, to get, to happen, to carry, to teach, to tell, to make, to begin, to keep, to divide, to return, to develop, to save

В) Participle II

to find, to send, to throw, to add, to change, to keep, to take, to save, to maintain, to install, to consider, to burn, to achieve, to show, to develop, to decide, to receive, to leave, to equip, to divide, to return, to write, to read, to make, to do, to give, to see, to say, to speak

Ex. 2. Read and translate into Russian.

а) the students attending all the lectures	b) using new methods
The plan containing many details	Constructing new machines
The workers building a new house	Achieving good results
The engineer using a new method	Dividing the apple into three parts
The car developing the speed of 80 km	Discovering new lands
The plant producing machinery	Using new equipment
The growing population of the country	Refusing to give an explanation
The students studying foreign languages	Receiving important information
The young man entering the Institute	Moving at high speed
	Leaving the town
	Graduating from Institute
c) having entered the Institute	d) the achieved results
Having calculated the distance	All developed countries
Having developed the speed of 120 km	The apple divided into three parts
Having introduced new methods of work	The information obtained recently
Having decided to leave the city	The railway built between the two towns
Having divide the apple into three parts	The boy saved by his dog
Having installed a new equipment	Help offered by the teacher
Having obtained the necessary information	The lecture read by a well-known professor
Having found the new way	The research made in the laboratory
Having changed his behaviour	The film shown to the students
Having offered her his help	The letter sent to his parents
Having passed all examinations	The book left on the table
Having returned home	The news brought by him
	The land discovered by Columbus

Ex. 3. Translate into Russian paying attention to Present Participle Active.

1. The girl standing at the window is my sister. 2. We looked at the playing children. 3. Entering the room he dropped his keys. 4. He set in the arm- chair thinking. 5. She came up to us breathing heavily. 6. The hall was full of laughing people. 7. The boy smiled showing his teeth. 8. The singing girl was about fourteen. 9. Mother put eggs into the boiling water. 10. Writing letters is a waste of time.

Ex. 4. Translate into Russian paying attention to Present Participle Passive.

1. The question being discussed now is very important. 2. He doesn’t know the song being heard. 3. The house being built in our street is a new supermarket. 4. Do you like the film being discussed? 5. Being asked at the lesson, the boy answered nothing. 6. The experiment being carried on by this scientist is very important. 7. Being packed in the beautiful box the flowers looked very lovely.

Ex. 5. Translate into Russian paying attention to Present Participle II

1. He doesn’t like boiled milk. 2. A broken cup lay on the floor. 3. The books written by this author are very interesting. 4. I remember well his words told at the meeting. 5. Asked about that event, he replied nothing. 6. I don’t like the book bought last week. 7. The stolen things were returned to the owner. 8. We are interesting in the goods produced by this factory. 9. He looked at her and was gone. 10. This is the house built many years ago.

Ex. 6. Choose the right form of the Participle.

1. Who is the girl (doing, done) her task on the blackboard? 2. The book (writing, written) by him is not very interesting. 3. The translation (doing, done) by me was very easy. 4. The (loosing, lost) keys were not found. 5. The (loosing, lost) team will not get the prize. 6. I don’t like the video (buying, bought) yesterday. 7. Do you know the boy (coming, come) towards us? 8. We like the song (singing, sung) by this singer. 9. The woman – (singing, sung) is his wife. 10. The question (discussing, discussed) at the meeting was very interesting.

Ex. 7. Translate into Russian paying attention to Perfect Participle.

Having lost his address, I couldn’t write to him. 2. Having travelled about the Europe for two month, he returned home. 3. She went home, having finished her work. 4. Having shaken with them, we continued our way. 5. Having collected all the necessary materials, he began writing the report. 6. Having made the report, Tom left the room. 7. Having answered all the questions, she began retelling the text.