Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice)

Если подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, подвергающийся действию со стороны другого лица или предмета, то глагол-сказуемое употребляется в форме страдательного залога.

• This book was written by a young author.

Образование: при помощи глагола “to be” в соответствующем времени + глагол с окончанием “ed” (Ved) или 3-я форма глагола, если он неправильный. При спряжении глагола в страдательном залоге изменяется только глагол “to be”, смысловой глагол имеет во всех временах одну и ту же форму – Ved (или 3-я форма глагола, если он неправильный).

Страдательный залог с модальными глаголами образуется следующим образом: модальный глагол + be + глагол с окончанием “ed” (Ved) или 3-я форма глагола, если он неправильный.

• This letter must be sent today.

Для образования общего вопроса (general question) первое слово из сказуемого становится на первое место:

• Has he been invited to this party?

• Was the letter written yesterday?

Для образования отрицательного предложения “not” ставится после первого слова в сказуемом:

• He has not been invited to this party.

• The letter was not written yesterday.

Порядок слов в специальном вопросе:

1) вопросительное слово;

2) вспомогательный глагол – первое слово из сказуемого;

3) подлежащее;

4) оставшаяся часть сказуемого.

• Where has he been invited?

• When was the letter written?

Употребление: времена страдательного залога употребляются согласно тем же правилам, что и соответствующие им формы действительного залога.

Страдательный залог используется, если нам неизвестно или неважно, кто выполнил действие. Если мы хотим указать, кто совершил действие, то используется предлог “by”:

• A lot of people were employed by this company.

Если необходимо уточнить при помощи чего было выполнено действие, то используется предлог “with”:

• The wood can be cut with a knife.

В английском языке существуют глаголы с предлогами, фразовые глаголы и фразеологические единства, в которых предлог всегда остается на своем месте – после глагола. Обратите внимание на перевод предложений с такими глаголами.

He was laughed at. – Над ним смеялись.

Перевод предложений в страдательном залоге на русский язык

Предложения в страдательном залоге переводятся на русский язык:

1. При помощи глагола быть и краткой формы причастия страдательного залога:

• The house was built in the 19 century. – Дом был построен в 19 веке.

2. Глаголом, оканчивающимся на -ся:

• A new house is being built in our street. – На нашей улице строится новый дом.

3. Глаголом в действительном залоге:

• This house is being built by students. – Этот дом строят студенты.

Подлежащее выраженное местоимением может переводится на русский язык винительным и дательным падежом:

• He was sent to the library. – Его отправили в библиотеку.

• He was sent a letter. – Ему отправили письмо.

Exercises

Ex. 1. Define the tense of the following verbs .

Нad been arrested, has been asked, is being asked, will be made, was invited, are being cross-examined, will have been finished, were discussed, is being written, was done, is done, will be done.

Ex. 2. Define the tense of the verbs. Put the sentences into the negative and interrogative forms. Translate the sentences into Russian.

A

1. Articles are translated every day. 2. Articles were translated every day last year. 3. Articles will be translated tomorrow. 4. Articles are being translated now. 5. Articles were being translated at 5 o’clock yesterday. 6. Articles have just been translated. 7. Articles had been translated by the end of the day. 8. Articles will have been translated by the end of the day.

B

1. Many houses are built in our town. 2. Many houses were built last year. 3. Many houses will be built next year. 4. Many houses are being built now. 5. Many houses were being built when I arrived here. 6. Many houses have been built this year. 7. Many houses had been built by the end of last year. 8. Many houses will have been built by next year.

Ex. 3. Put the sentences into the negative and interrogative forms.

1. Such letters are addressed to the manager.

2. This newspaper is read in many countries.

3. English films are shown in our club.

4. This mail is usually brought in the morning.

5. Reports are written beforehand.

6. Books in foreign languages are sold in this shop.

7. Such questions are considered at the meeting.

Ex. 4. Open the brackets using the verbs in Present, Past Future Simple/ Indefinite Passive Voice:

A

1. Nick (to send) to Moscow every month. 2. This work (to do) tomorrow. 3. We (to invite) to the concert last Sunday. 4. Your question (to answer) at the next meeting. 5. Flowers (to sell) in shops and streets. 6. Moscow (to found) in 1147. 7. I (to ask) at every lesson.

B

1.Bread (to eat) every day. 2. The letter (to receive) yesterday. 3. Nick ( to send) to Moscow next week. 4. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday. 5. I (to give) a very interesting book at the library last Friday. 6. Many houses (to build) in our town every year. 7. This work (to do) tomorrow. 8. This text (to translate) at the last lesson. 9. These trees (to plant) last autumn. 10. Many interesting games always (to play) at our PT lessons. 11. This bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow. 12. We (to invite) a concert last Saturday. 13. My question (to answer) yesterday. 14. Hockey (to play) in winter. 15. Mushrooms (to gather) in autumn. 16. Many houses (to burn) during the Great Fire of London. 17. His new book (to finish) next year. 18. Flowers (to sell) in shops and in the streets. 19. St. Petersburg (to found) in 1703.

Ex. 5. Underline the predicate and define its tense. Translate the sentences into Russian.

A

1. I'm afraid we are being waited for. 2. The papers have just been signed by the Dean. 3. A very unusual question was asked at the conference. 4. When was he told to come? 5. The poem was much spoken about last year. 6. You will be given enough time to prepare your answer. 7. A new theatre is being built in this square. 8. The house will have been built by the end of the year.

B

1. Tables are usually made of wood. 2. The article was translated with a dictionary. 3. The meeting will be organized in the big hall. 4. All the students of our group had been asked by the examiner by 3 o'clock. 5. My friend was being asked by the teacher when I entered the classroom. 6. Children are forbidden to play on the pavement. 7. I have never been asked to meet them. 8. Let me know if my help is needed. 9. People learning foreign lan­guages are advised to read foreign literature in the original. 10. In muse­ums visitors are asked not to touch the exhibits. 11. The doc­tor was sent for. 12. He was always laughed at. 13. My chil­dren are looked after by my grandmother. 14. This film was much spoken about. 15. She was given a nice cat. 16. She was looked for everywhere.

Test

Choose the right variant for translation of the predicate.

1. Этот дом был построен в прошлом году.

a) was being built b) has been built c) was built

2. Сейчас здесь строится новый супермаркет.

1. is being built b) is building c) is built

3. На этой неделе преподаватель объяснил (препо­давателем был объяснен) новый материал.

1. had been explained b) was explained c) has been explained

4. Новое здание института уже построили, когда я поступила на юридический факультет.

a) was built b) has been built c) had been built

5. Студентов экзаменуют два раза в год.

a) are being examined b) is examined c) are examined

6. «Вы были невнимательны, когда объяснялось это правило», — сказал преподаватель.

a) was explained b) had been explained c) was being explained

7. Цветы уже политы.

a) are watered b) have been watered c) were watered

8. Такие столы делают из дорогого дерева.

a) are being made b) have been made c) are made

9. Этот фильм никогда не показывали по телевизору.

a) has never been shown b) was never shown c) had never been shown

10. Мою квартиру отремонтируют к субботе.

a) will be repaired b) will have been repaired c) is being repaired

11. Списки все еще печатаются.

a) are typed b) are being typed c) have been typed

12. Их еще не пригласили.

a) were not invited b) had not been invited c) have not been invited

13. Вам сообщат об этом завтра.

a) will be informed b) will have been informed c) are informed

14. Когда я вошел, обсуждение было прервано.

a) had been interrupted b) was interrupted c) has been interrupted

15. Земля была покрыта снегом.

a) was being covered b) was covered c) had been covered