Information Organisation Patterns

Many speakers have difficulty structuring the material they have collected. There are 4 patterns that help to present information very clearly and orientate the audience to follow the speaker.

1. chronological

   • presents the sequence of events

   • may concentrate on the historical development of a phenomenon or describe successive stages of a process

2. topical

   • EITHER: presents several aspects of the central phenomenon (cultural, economical, political, environmental, social etc.)

   • works well for comparisons: two central objects are considered from the same set of points of view, which helps to identify their similarities and differences

   • OR: considers several types of the central phenomenon

3. cause-effect

   • seeks to identify the reasons of a present situation

   • works well for problematic and controversial issues

4. problem-solution

   • is aimed at providing a solution to a present problematic situation

   • has a strong persuasive component

Obviously, a combination of three or four of these patterns provides the most comprehensive coverage of a topic.

Ex. 22. In the following examples, identify the patterns that were used to single out the subtopics of the main topic.

1. Field m Development History

1. discovery and start of exploration

2. stable production period

3. application of enhanced recovery methods

4. current problems and ways to improve oil recovery

2. Drilling in Extreme Northern Regions

1. conventional drilling techniques and equipment

2. climatic impact on drilling operations

3. new drilling tools

3. Abiogenic Petroleum Origin

1. evolution of theories of petroleum origin

2. key aspects of biogenic theory

3. evidence of abiogenic petroleum origin

4. potential benefits of abiogenic theory

Ex. 23. Choose one of the following general topics and develop its subtopics using three or four patterns.

1. Oil production in Siberia

2. Environmental impact of oil production

3. The US energy policy

4. Renewable energy sources

Grammar

Ex. 24. Study the following information.

Modal Expressions: Obligation

1. Must and have to

In writing there is no real difference between these words. In speech there is sometimes a small difference. Must is used when the speaker personally feels something is important and have to is used when the situation makes something necessary.

e.g. You must start working harder! (I say so)

e.g. You have to turn left here. (it's the law)

e.g. Sorry, I must leave/have to leave now. (in this example there is no difference)

2. Mustn't and don't have to

Be careful: must and have to are very similar in their affirmative forms (see previous paragraph) but they are completely different in their negative forms.

Mustn't describes something which is prohibited. Don't have to describes something which is not necessary.

e.g. You mustn't leave now. (It's not allowed. It's against the rules.)

e.g. You don't have to leave now. (It's not necessary. You have a choice.)

3. Should and ought to

These words have the same meaning. They are used to say what is the best thing to do. They can be used to give an opinion, some advice, or polite instructions.

e.g. We should do something different for our holidays this year.

e.g. I think you should see a doctor.

e.g. You ought not to smoke if you're pregnant.

e.g. You should send in your application by July 18th.

Ex. 25. Match each sentence 1-10 with one of the formal sentences A-J.

I can do it. I mustn’t do it. I don’t have to do it. I have to do it. I couldn’t do it. I didn’t have to do it. I had to do it. I could do it. I shouldn’t do it. I should do it.

It is necessary. It was allowed. It is not necessary. Doing it would be a bad idea. It is allowed. It is not allowed. It was not allowed. It was necessary. It wasn’t necessary. Doing it would be a good idea.

Ex. 26. Fill in the blanks with “must” or “have to” in the correct form in the sentences below. Sometimes both variants may be possible.

1. I _____ go now. I have a business meeting in a couple of minutes.

2. Jack left before the end of the meeting. He _____ go home early.

3. In Schlumberger, you _____ to have a driving license to be employed.

4. When you come to London again, you _____ visit the BP head office.

5. You really _____ gain more international experience if you want to apply for a job in Shell.

6. I’m afraid I can’t come tomorrow to the meeting. I _____ work late.

7. I’m sorry I couldn’t come to the meeting yesterday. I _____ complete the simulation.

8. Paul doesn’t like his new job very much. Sometimes he _____ work at weekends.

9. The drilling crew couldn’t repair the valve themselves and _____ take it to the repair facility.

10. This small-scale company pays the greatest part of its profits to the government. It _____ pay that much since the first day of its establishment.

Ex. 27. Complete the following sentences with “mustn’t” or “don’t / doesn’t have to”.

1. I don’t want anyone to know that I have applied to Schulmberger. You _____ tell anyone.

2. Employees _____ wear a suit to work, but most of them usually do.

3. The drilling equipment can be left here until next week. We _____ start drilling right now.

4. You _____ touch the rotating parts of the drilling equipment. It is very dangerous.

5. There are several seismic interpretations provided by the Geostat company. You _____ do the interpretation again.

6. You _____ forget to finish the report on production monitoring today. It is very important that it should be ready tomorrow.

7. You _____ attend the general meeting, but you can if you want to.

8. Don’t make so much noise. I _____ make a mistake in these calculations.

9. We _____ access the secret information of our competitors.

10. You _____ be a petroleum engineer by profession to work in the HR department of Shell.

Listening

Ex. 28. Watch a video about applying innovations at Statoil Company. As you listen, find answers to the following questions.

Vocabulary:

1. benchmark – критерий

2. multiphase transportation – многофазный транспорт флюида

3. flow assurance – обеспечение бесперебойной подачи потока

4. hydrates – гидраты

5. wax – воск

6. Coldfire – «Колдфайр» (название технологии)

7. ice-infested – наполненный льдом

1. In which country was Statoil originally based?

2. In how many countries does the company have its operations now?

3. How many people are currently employed at the company?

4. What is the driving force of the company’s development?

5. What is the most important of the company’s projects where innovations are applied?

6. What is the main benefit of flow assurance technology?

7. What are the two possible causes of pipeline blockage?

8. Where is the technology being applied now?

9. What is implied by sustainable use of innovations?

10. What is Statoil’s vision of innovations based on?

MODULE 2 Professional Spheres of Communication