Профессиональный иностранный язык: учебное пособие. Книга для студента / авт.-сост. О.В. Кореневская © – Уфа: Изд-во Уфимского государственного нефтяного технического университета, 2010. – 239 с.

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 3-5 курсов, обучающихся по специальности 130503 «Разработка и эксплуатация нефтяных и газовых месторождений», изучающих английский язык не в качестве специальности.

Пособие охватывает основные сферы профессионального общения инженера-нефтяника. Направлено на повышение уровня профессиональной иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции студентов. Языковой материал пособия включает специальную терминологию и грамматику, характерную для официально-делового и научного стилей речи, темы и ситуации профессионально-деловой коммуникации. Разнообразие упражнений и аутентичность текстов, аудио- и видеозаписей позволяют повысить мотивацию студентов и интенсифицировать усвоение учебного материала.

Пособие разработано на основе многоуровневого подхода с ориентацией на международные требования к знаниям и умениям выпускника технического вуза.

Contents

	Page
Module 1. Introduction into Petroleum Industry……………………	3
Unit 1. Leading Companies of Oil and Gas Industry …………………………….	4
Unit 2. Business Conduct and Ethics Code of an Engineer ……………………	27
Unit 3. Delivering Innovative Technology ………………………………………...	38
Module 2. Professional Spheres of Communication………………	53
Unit 4. Company Profile and Records …………………………………………….	54
Unit 5. Communication at Work ……………………………………………………	74
Unit 6. Safety at the Working Place ……………………………………………….	91
Module 3. Professional Activities of a Petroleum Engineer……	106
Unit 7. Geology ………………………………………………………………………	107
Unit 8. Formation Evaluation ………………………………………………………	125
Unit 9. Oilfield Exploration and Reserves …………………………………………	139
Module 4. Technological Process of Oil and Gas Production…	161
Unit 10. Reservoir Engineering ……………………………………………………	162
Unit 11. Drilling Engineering ……………………………………………………….	177
Unit 12. Well Completion and Production Technology ………………………….	194
Module 5. Background of Invention and Science Development	204
Unit 13. Research and Development in Oil and Gas Industry ………………….	205
Unit 14. Environmental Monitoring in Oil and Gas Industry …………………….	214
Unit 15. Academic Writing and Scientific Research ……………………………..	225
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………	239

MODULE 1 Introduction into Petroleum Industry

Unit 1. Leading Companies of Oil and Gas Industry

Lead-in

Ex. 1. What companies of oil and gas industry can you name? How did you learn about them? In what context (political, economical, environmental) do their names appear in the news? Discuss in the class.

Ex. 2. Look at the following list of some companies operating in petroleum industry and match the names with their locations.

1. United States (4 companies)

2. Russia (3 companies)

3. Canada (2 companies)

4. China

5. United Kingdom

6. Italy

7. Brazil

8. Saudi Arabia

9. Australia

10. Netherlands

1. Apache Corporation

2. BHP Billiton

3. BP

4. Chevron Corporation

5. Devon Energy

6. Eni

7. ExxonMobil

8. Gazprom OAO

9. Imperial Oil

10. LUKoil

11. Petro-Canada

12. Petrobras

13. Rosneft

14. Royal Dutch Shell

15. Saudi Aramco

16. Sinopec

Reading and Vocabulary

Ex. 3. READING. Read the text about one of the leading oil and gas companies and its policies.

Chevron: Providing Energy for Human Progress

Chevron is one of the world’s largest integrated energy companies. Its headquarters is in San Ramon, California, but it conducts business worldwide. The company is engaged in every aspect of the crude oil and natural gas industry, including exploration and production, manufacturing, marketing and transportation, chemicals manufacturing and sales, geothermal energy, and power generation. The company is also investing in renewables and advanced technologies.

Chevron traces its earliest roots to an 1879 oil discovery at Pico Canyon, north of Los Angeles, California, which led to the formation of the Pacific Coast Oil Co. That company later became Standard Oil Co. of California and, subsequently, Chevron. The company took on the name “Chevron” when it acquired Gulf Oil Corp., in 1984, nearly doubling their worldwide proved oil and gas reserves. The merger with Gulf was at that time the largest in U.S. history.

Another major branch of the company’s family tree is The Texas Fuel Company, which was formed in Beaumont, Texas, in 1901. It later became known as The Texas Company and eventually Texaco. In 2001, the two companies merged.

In 2009, Chevron produced 2.7 million barrels of net oil-equivalent per day. About 73 percent of that volume occurred outside the United States. Chevron had a global refining capacity of more than 2 million barrels of oil per day at the end of 2009. The marketing network supports retail outlets on six continents. Moreover, the company has invested in 13 power-generating facilities in the United States and Asia.

Technology is propelling Chevron’s growth. The company is focusing on technologies that improve its chances of finding, developing and producing crude oil and natural gas. It is also investing in the development of emerging energy technologies, such as integrating advanced solar technology into the operations and expanding the renewable energy resources.

As a company and as individuals, Chevron takes great pride in contributing to the communities where they live and work. The company’ personnel also care about the environment and are proud of the many ways in which they work to safeguard it.

At the heart of The Chevron Way is the vision to be the global energy company most admired for its people, partnership and performance. The company’s vision means that it:

• provides energy products vital to sustainable economic progress and human development throughout the world;

• is people and an organization with superior capabilities and commitment;

• earns the admiration of all its stakeholders – investors, customers, host governments, local communities and our employees – not only for the goals it achieves but how it achieves them.

Chevron's foundation is built on its values. The company conducts its business in a socially responsible and ethical manner. It respects the law, supports universal human rights, protects the environment, and benefits the communities where it works. Furthermore, Chevron places the highest priority on the health and safety of the workforce and protection of the company’s assets and the environment.

The company is committed to excellence in everything it does, and it strives to continually improve. Chevron is passionate about achieving results that exceed expectations.

Ex. 4. TRUE or FALSE? Based on the text above, decide whether the following statements are true or false, and correct the false statements.

1. The company operates in all regions of the world.

2. The initial name of Chevron was Standard Oil Co. of California.

3. In 1984 the volume of Chevron’s oil production significantly increased.

4. Another major step in Chevron’s expansion was due to the deal with Texaco.

5. Chevron’s main production volume is concentrated in the United States.

6. The company attaches great importance to the use of renewable energy sources.

7. The company’s main strategy is aimed at achieving the highest economic progress.

8. Support of local communities is an important part of Chevron’s policy.

Ex. 5. VOCABULARY. In the text above, find the equivalents to the following words and phrases. (The sequence corresponds to their occurrence in the text.)

1. штаб-квартира

2. вести дела

3. по всему миру

4. быть занятым, задействованным

5. сырая нефть

6. природный газ

7. разведка

8. добыча

9. производство, изготовление

10. химикаты

11. геотермальная энергия

12. выработка энергии

13. осуществлять инвестиции

14. возобновляемые источники энергии

15. передовые технологии

16. брать истоки от

17. впоследствии

18. приобрести

19. удвоить

20. доказанные запасы

21. слияние

22. в конечном итоге

23. условное топливо

24. баррелей в сутки

25. нефтеперерабатывающие мощности

26. сеть сбыта

27. точка розничной продажи

28. энергостанция

29. продвигать вперед, стимулировать

30. разрабатывать

31. появляющийся

32. солнечный

33. расширять

34. гордиться

35. вносить вклад в

36. общество, сообщество

37. персонал, сотрудники

38. охранять, защищать

39. видение, стратегия

40. достижения, результаты деятельности

41. жизненно необходимый

42. устойчивый и долгосрочный

43. превосходный, высшего качества

44. способности

45. преданность (делу)

46. восхищение

47. заинтересованная сторона

48. сотрудник компании

49. фундамент

50. ценности

51. социально ответственный

52. всеобщие права человека

53. приносить пользу

54. выделять в качестве одного из приоритетов

55. безопасность

56. рабочая сила

57. имущество, активы

58. преданный чему-л.

59. превосходство

60. стремиться

61. постоянно

62. превосходить ожидания

Ex. 6. The Vocabulary List contains a number of useful terms from the sphere of oil and gas industry and company’s activity. Match the terms with their definitions.

crude oil	d) exploration	g) merger
natural gas	e) production	h) retail outlet
geothermal energy	f) proved reserves	i) assets

1. The process by which usable petroleum is extracted and removed from the earth.

2. The entire property owned by a person or a company.

3. A naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds, that is found in rock formations beneath the earth's surface.

4. The initial phase in petroleum operations that includes searching for a prospect, and drilling of an exploration well.

5. Store selling merchandise and/or services directly to the public in unlimited quantities.

6. Energy derived from the heat in the interior of the earth.

7. The quantity of oil and natural gas estimated to be recoverable from known fields under existing economic and operating conditions.

8. A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds existing in the gaseous phase or in solution with crude oil in natural underground reservoirs at reservoir conditions.

9. The combining of two or more entities into one, through a purchase acquisition or pooling of interests.

Ex. 7. From the Vocabulary List in Exercise 5, find synonyms to the following items.

1. obtain

2. dedication

3. latest technology

4. protect

5. broaden

6. attach great importance to

7. crucial

8. be involved in

9. stimulate

10. manpower

11. basis

12. be very proud of

Ex. 8. Match words from Column A to the words from Column B in order to form phrases. Translate the resulting phrases into Russian. Make up five sentences with these phrases in the context of oil and gas industry.

Column A	Column B
power marketing natural power-generating proved refining advanced retail geothermal crude	outlet network oil technology energy facility gas reserves generation capacity

Ex. 9. Insert appropriate items from the box into the following sentences.

a) commitment	c) superior	e) performance	g) safety
b) worldwide	d) contribute	f) renewables	h) power

1. In what ways can a petroleum company __________ to improving the living conditions of local communities?

2. Through what measures does a petroleum company ensure the __________ and health of its employees?

3. From your point of view, what Russian oil and gas companies are well known not only in Russia, but also __________?

4. What should be done in order to provide __________ quality of petroleum products?

5. Do you think that __________, such as solar power, wind power, or tidal power, can be successfully applied in Russia?

6. What sources of energy are typically used for __________ generation in Russia?

7. How can an employee demonstrate his or her __________ to the company’s vision?

8. What is necessary for an oil company to achieve the best international __________?

Ex. 10. Answer the questions from Task 10, using the new vocabulary from the text.

Ex. 11. Translate the following sentences into English, using vocabulary from the text. (The items are underlined.)

1. За последние пять лет компания стала лидером в производстве химикатов и впоследствии открыла более пятисот точек розничной продажи.

2. Эта компания осуществляет инвестиции в развитие передовых технологий.

3. Компания выделяет в качестве одного из приоритетов производство товаров высшего качества.

4. Как правило, компании, занятые в нефтяной сфере, имеют широкую сеть сбыта.

5. Джим очень гордится своей работой в Шевроне и всегда стремится продемонстрировать свою преданность компании.

6. Мощность данного нефтеперерабатывающего завода – около 200 тыс баррелей условного топлива в сутки.

7. В результате слияния двух компаний объем доказанных запасов значительно увеличился.

8. Некоторые нефтяные компании вносят вклад в развитие возобновляемых источников энергии, таких как геотермальная и солнечная энергия.

9. Не только акционеры, но и само сообщество являются заинтересованными сторонами нефтяной промышленности.

10. Компания проводит социально ответственную политику в отношении местных сообществ.

11. Эта нефтяная компания ведет дела по всему миру и насчитывает около ста тысяч сотрудников.

12. Несмотря на кризис, компания сумела увеличить свои активы и приобрела несколько энергостанций.

13. Некоторые компании занимаются исключительно разведкой и добычей сырой нефти и природного газа.

14. В конечном итоге, любая нефтяная компания заинтересована в защите персонала и обеспечении его безопасности.

15. Промышленная добыча нефти берет истоки в середине 19 века.

16. За последние 10 лет компания значительно расширила свои нефтеперерабатывающие мощности.

17. Жизненно необходимо стимулировать развитие новых технологий выработки энергии.

18. Стратегия устойчивого развития компании должна основываться на новом видении и новых ценностях.

19. Квалифицированная рабочая сила является одним из фундаментов развития компании.

20. Достижения компании за прошлый год превзошли ожидания многих экспертов.

Ex. 12. Enumerate the main principles of Chevron’s policy stated in the text in Exercise 3 and discuss the following issues with a partner.

1. Do you think these principles apply to a large company only?

2. How can each employee of the company meet these requirements?

3. What do these principles imply about the social responsibility of the company?

Ex. 13. Imagine that you, together with your partners, are going to establish a small locally operating company engaged either in exploration or production of oil. Working in groups of three or four, determine the main principles of the company’s activity, develop its policy and vision and the exact ways to realize them. Then, present your results to the whole class.

Ex. 14. BUILIDNG A CAREER. Match the following expressions with the word “career” to their meaning on the left.

Chances of future success in your career	career plan
The direction you hope your career will take	career move
A change you make in order to progress	career prospects
Time when you are not employed, perhaps when travelling or looking after children	career ladder
A series of promotions towards more senior positions	career break

Ex. 15. Fill in the blanks with one of the phrases with the word “career” from Exercise 14 above. You may need to use the plural form of the noun.

1. This course can increase confidence, improve _______ or simply be enjoyable.

2. It is vital that the education system should attract back women who have taken a _______ to raise a family.

3. It is no accident that people who are driven to climb _______ are very ambitious.

4. Jones had great _______, but little educational or professional background.

5. This company reform may be particularly beneficial for those who make a major _______ within an organization.

Ex. 16. Finding the right person for a job can be a very long process. Rank these stages 1-7 to show the order in which they normally occur.

1. Interested candidates send off a letter of application and CV.

2. The employer makes a final decision and offers the job to one of the candidates.

3. Candidates are selected for a first round of interviews.

4. The employer writes a job description.

5. The job is advertised in the media.

6. A shortlist is prepared for a second round of interviews.

7. The employer follows up references and checks applicants’ qualifications.

Ex. 17. LOOKING FOR A JOB IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING. Watch the video “Petroleum Engineers” and note down, which of the following qualities are mentioned as essential for a person starting this career.

1. leadership qualities

2. problem solving skills

3. knowledge of foreign languages

4. practical field experience

5. ability to work in a team

6. computer skills

7. bachelor’s degree in engineering

8. scientific background

9. positive attitude to travelling

Which of the qualities mentioned in the video do you think you possess? Which are your weak points? What should be done to boost them? Discuss with a partner.

Ex. 18. Look at the following job advertisement and find out, whether qualities A-I from Exercise 17 above are required of the person sought for the position.

Senior Petroleum Engineer Employer: Oil and Gas Project Resources Ltd. Desired Expertise: Petroleum Engineering Experience: 10+ years Education: Bachelors/3-5 yr Degree Location: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Job description Programs and reports on a variety of Rig and Rigless petroleum engineering activities (well testing, well completion and workover, stimulation, wireline, sampling and production logging, etc.). Analyzes, interprets field data and carries out studies aimed at optimization of well performance and oil/gas recoveries. Conceptually designs well completion, artificial lift, workover and stimulation programs. Performs feasibility, conceptual or optimization studies of hydrocarbon production and process systems, product export and distribution system and water disposal and flare systems Accountabilities Carries out surveillance activities of assigned wells to advise on or program work and study requirements to optimize well and reservoir production. Carries out studies to propose well and reservoir stimulation techniques, artificial lift to maximize well and reservoir production and efficiency. Prepares design concepts for wells and facilities. Keeps abreast of technological development in the field of reservoir engineering. Attends conferences, seminars and reviews technical periodicals. Participates in the training and development of assigned UAE national employees. Includes monitoring and reporting on progress and counseling employees, as required. Knows the Company health, safety and environmental policy, procedures, regulations and objectives as they relate to his area of responsibility, and ensures that they are effectively implemented in his domain.

Ex. 19. JOB INTERVIEW. Look at two CVs from candidates for the position of Senior Petroleum Engineer advertised in Exercise 19 above. Working in pairs, decide, who is the best candidate and why. What can you say about the personal qualities of the candidates judging by their CVs? Which CV looks better in terms of design and content?

Candidate A

Curriculum Vitae Senior Petroleum Engineer Personal Details Name: David Surname: McDuff Date/Place of Birth: 24 July, 1968, Los Angeles, CA. Nationality: American Marital Status: married, 2 children Address: 42826 Fenner Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90001 Phone: (866) 721-3491 E-mail: d_mcduff@gmail.com Executive Summary A highly skilled Petroleum Engineer with over 18+ years of International and Domestic U.S. experience in performing Reservoir Engineering Studies and implementing Reservoir Development Projects. Career Objective Secure a challenging engineering position where in my team player attributes, experience, and communication skills can be utilized in obtaining personal career goals and those of the employer. To advance technically in the science of Petroleum Engineering and contribute to industry by participation as an International Lecturer, Consultant, and/or Mentor for Engineers entering the oil industry. Expertise Technical: Reservoir Simulation, Enhanced Oil Recovery, Well Performance Optimization, Well Testing, Work-Over, and Artificial Lift. Professional: Economics, Business Development, Industrial Training, Public Speaking, Technical Writing and Computer Programming and Applications. Bio Data Countries Worked In: U.S.A., U.A.E., Qatar, Oman, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Nigeria, India, Pakistan, Ukraine, Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan Countries Lived In: USA, U.A.E., Azerbaijan, Russia, Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Japan, Vietnam Foreign Languages: Protocol knowledge of Arabic, Russian, Japanese, Tagalong and Farsi Work Experience Period: 2001 – 2010 Position: Technical Consultant/Sr. Reservoir Engineer Company & Location: Halliburton International Ltd., Moscow, Russia Responsibilities: Conducted various AIOC Well Test Designs in Baku and Petronas-Carigali Well Test Designs/Transient Analysis in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. Executed various Well Test Designs, Reservoir Analysis, and Economic Feasibility Studies for Halliburton’s clients in the Central Asia using WEM, Saphire, PanSystems, PanOil/Gas, and Crystal Ball commercial software. Collaborated with Landmark office in Baku in support of VIP Numeric Simulation Software for AIOC and to provide experience Reservoir Engineering support to Landmark’s Reservoir Engineer in Baku. Period: 1995 – 2001 Position: Engineering Manager Company & Location: Ward Companies, Dallas, TX Responsibilities: Reported to the CEO of Ward Companies and the V.P. of Ward Oil Company. Managed all engineering activities from P&L to employee development plus field engineering support in 3 major East Texas oil fields operated by Ward Companies, Long Lake Oil Field, Cayuga Oil Field, and Travis Ward-Queen City Gas Field. Designed, managed, and engineered the production systems and well installations of submersible pump technology plus performed numerous Reservoir Economics Simulations for high water cut reservoirs (255 wells total between the two fields). Implemented modern Petroleum Engineering software for simulation studies of company’s operated assets, SAM (now called Perform) nodal software, U.S. DOE BOAST- Black Oil Simulator, and other engineering computer applications required to improve production performance. Period: 1990 – 1995 Position: Manager Regional Well Data Analysis Dept. Company & Location: OTIS International Ltd., Middle East Region, Dubai, UAE Responsibilities: Dual job role as 1.) Regional Reservoir Engineer, OTIS International, Ltd. and 2.) Consulting Reservoir Engineer, Halliburton Ltd. reporting to the OTIS Regional Manager and Halliburton Division Manager in Dubai, UAE. Designed, set-up, and managed the 1st International Regional Well Data Analysis Department, WDA, in OTIS corporate history. Responsible for all administrative management and engineering functions as well as P&L for department. Recruited WDA staff, set department goals and objectives for Middle East, and implemented OTIS Petroleum Engineering Reservoir Modeling services for the region (12 OPEC countries). Managed a team of department WDA Petroleum Engineers and was the Regional Reservoir Engineering expert responsible for all Reservoir Studies performed for OTIS/Halliburton’s clients or in support of OTIS/Halliburton’s field services.

Candidate B

CURRICULUM VITAE PERSONAL DETAILS Name: FARCASANU ARCADIE ANGELO Email Address: Angelo.Farcasanu@pdo.co.om EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND 1994 Petroleum University, Romania Post University School – Waterflooding 1992 Petroleum University, Romania BS – Petroleum Engineering 1984 Information Technology High School Cluj-Napoca, Romania IT Operations CAREER SUMMARY *Senior Petroleum Engineer – Petroleum Development Oman, *Consultant Petroleum Engineer – TRACS Intl, *Consultant Reservoir Engineer – BEICIP FRANLAB , * Deputy Engineer / Reservoir Engineer / Reservoir Studies Team Leader – PETROM / Arad Subsidiary WORK EXPERIENCE Senior Petroleum Engineer Present Company: Petroleum Development Oman Location: Muscat, Sultanate of Oman Duties: PDO Study Center Reservoir Simulation. Engineer Petroleum Engineer Consultant 2004 - 2005 Company: TRACS Intl Location: Aberdeen, UK Duties: Reservoir Simulation Engineer: Reservoir Characterisation, Production Forecasting Reservoir Engineer Consultant 2000 - 2004 Company: BEICIP FRANLAB Location: Rueil Malmaison, France Duties: Production Forecasting – Primary, Secondary, EOR/IOR (WAG, polymer), Reserves estimates, Reservoir Management , Reservoir Simulation (Production History, Well Management, Forecasting, Secondary Recovery, Polymer, WAG), advice and support for young local engineers. PVT QC, Well testing, Material balance, Waterflooding (Edge and Pattern), Field optimization (Gas Lift System) Identifying and evaluating primary and secondary recovery projects, Workover proposal Reservoir Studies Team Leader 1998 – 2000 Company: SNP PETROM SA Location: Arad, Romania Duties: Leading interdisciplinary team to: Manage Activities in Identifying and Evaluating Reserves of Oil, Gas and Gas Condensate fields, Production Forecast, Design / Budgeting ; Waterflooding and Chemical Flooding (polymer, CO2, alkaline) on two major oilfields in Western Romania in low permeability basins, naturally fractured. Recommend Optimization for Individual Wells Productivity, achieving increased production rates by slanted wells, Co-operate with Petroleum Research Institute from Campina in flowing problems identification and optimization , Production Forecast / Decline Analyze for naturally fractured reservoirs under full aquifer activity. Best economical solution, draw up economical evaluations for operations and field investments. Reservoir Engineer 1996 – 1998 Company: SNP PETROM SA Location: Arad, Romania Duties: Participating to increase ultimate recovery work: Combine the laboratory set data with well production to improve the hydrocarbon income from pay zone using stimulating methods for naturally fractured and carbonated reservoirs for wells to maximize hydrocarbon recovery. Perform material balance analyses, Draw up depletion strategies for wells near waterflooding patterns, design, implement and supervise the waterflooding program for depleted oilfields. Entry Level Reservoir Engineer 1992 – 1995 Company: SNP PETROM SA Location: Arad, Romania Duties: Studying fluid and rock properties determination for reservoir characterization Prepare data for reservoir modeling Fluid flow analyses for high oil viscosity in well fractured reservoir with active aquifer Participation in selected candidates wells for workover and stimulation. PROFESSIONAL TRAINING 1993 Formation Damage; 1997 Database Administration; 2001 Athos Reservoir Simulation; 2003 Reservoir Characterization, From Laboratory To Field; 2003 Shell Reserves Definition / Estimation; 2004 SCAL Design, QC, Simulation; COMPUTER SKILLS Mapinfo, Petrel Fortran, MSoffice Prosper, Mbal, Gap, WellFlo, PVTSim, Pansystem PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS SPE International, IT Professional Association Romania, French Professional Engineering Assoc. LANGUAGES English – Conversational French – Conversational Spanish – Conversational Romanian – Mother Tongue

Ex. 20. LISTENING. PREPARING FOR A JOB INTERVIEW. Listen to three dialogues giving advice on successfully passing a job interview. While listening, note down the information to answer the following question.

Vocabulary for fragment 1:

1. subscription fee – плата за подписку

2. disgruntled – недовольный, рассерженный

3. wrenching – искажать смысл, выворачивать наизнанку

4. squash – сквош (вид спорта)

Fragment 1.

1. What information should be searched in the internet?

2. Why should we study the websites of the company and of its competitors?

3. What particular files may be important at the company’s website?

4. In what way can personal contacts be useful?

Vocabulary for fragment 2:

1. shifty – изворотливый, подозрительный

2. slouch – сутулиться

3. pet hate – что-л. самое нелюбимое

4. winch – нытье

5. farcicious – кривляющийся

6. spinach – шпинат

Fragment 2.

1. Why is good eye-contact important?

2. What does a firm handshake imply?

3. What are two other elements of body language the speaker mentions and why are they important?

4. What is the optimal time an answer to a question should take?

5. What are the two types of behavior that are particularly undesirable at the interview, according to the speaker?

6. What should be avoided in the language an interviewee uses?

Vocabulary for fragment 3:

1. trumpet – труба (музыкальный инструмент)

2. toad – жаба

3. curveball – неожиданный поворот событий

Fragment 3.

1. What is a good way to answer the question about your weaknesses?

2. What is the most popular answer to this question, according to the speaker?

3. What question gives you a chance to demonstrate good preparation for the interview?

4. What does the speaker recommend about answering the question about the goals?

5. How should the question about reasons for leaving the previous job be answered?

6. What question may seem unexpected at the interview and what information can it give about you?

Ex. 21. Study the following list of recommendations for an applicant and answer the following questions.

1. Do you agree with all of them?

2. Are there any things that you would feel uncomfortable doing?

3. Are there any that would apply particularly for men/women?

4. Can you explain the recommendations during the interview? What should correct behavior imply about the applicant?