Вариант 2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-врсменную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. Today scientists are still looking for a substance as a source of energy. 2. The Mendelyeev system has served for almost 100 years as a key to discovering new elements.

6) 1. Synthetic rubber products were developed between 1914 and the 1930s.

2. The intensity of this process is influenced by many factors.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Molecular crystals are solids constructed of molecules held together by relatively weak forces.

2. A body moving with a certain velocity carries within itself the kinetic energy of motion.

3. While absorbing the energy of cosmic rays the upper atmosphere becomes radioactive.

4. Unless properly treated the metal must not be applied for space technology.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Energy can exist in many forms and each form can be transformed into the other.

2. The computers should become an integral part of the organization of industrial processes of all types.

3. These metal parts had to be subjected to X-ray examination.

4. The chemists may use the reactor to analyze various substances for their exact composition.

IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

THE PRINTING PROGRESS

Today millions and millions of words are printed every day in books, newspapers, magazines and leaflets. But we sometimes forget that the progress of printing started with an invention made by one man in the 15th century. His name was Johann Gensfleish zum Gutenberg; his invention was movable type.

Before Gutenberg's time books were printed, but this was done from wooden blocks which were made by hand. This was a very slow way of working. All other documents were made by scribes. The scribes copied everything out by hand. Movable type put an end to the work of the scribes. Gutenberg, who was trained as a goldsmith, used his knowledge of metalwork and woodwork to develop a new process. He made a large number of single letters which could be put together in any way. Now a printer could produce a page of text, which was quick and easy to correct. Once the text was corrected, the printer could make as many identical copies as he liked. This process was the foundation of the whole publishing industry. Publishing is only possible when you can produce a large number of copies within a short time. The basic principles of Gutenberg's process remained largely unchanged for three centuries.

Scientific discoveries led to improvements in printing. Scientists were able to produce better paper and ink. Printing machines became more complicated and could now print at much faster speeds. This meant that they could make copies more cheaply.

In recent years great technical advances have been made. For instance, printers now use photographic processes. The introduction of electronics has brought many changes. Some people have found ways of using laser beams to create an image on specially prepared paper!

V. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.

1. What did the progress of printing start with?

2. How were books printed before Gutenberg's time?

3. When is publishing only possible?

4. Which technical advances have been made in recent years?