Контрольное задание № 2

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Видо-временные формы глагола: а) активный залог - формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future); формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future); б) пассивный залог - формы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future). Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык. 2. Модальные глаголы: а) модальные глаголы, выражающие возможность: can (could), may и эквивалент глагола can — to be able; б) модальные глаголы, выражающие долженствование: must, его эквиваленты to have to и to be to; should.

3. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Gerund - герундий, простые формы.

4. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения (союзные); придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 1

1. Lobachevsky's geometry had revolutionized mathematics and the philosophy of science

а) Геометрия Лобачевского произвела коренное изменение в математике и философии науки.

had revolutionized - Past Perfect Active от глагола to revolutionize

6) The new laboratory equipment was sent for yesterday.

б) Вчера послали за новым оборудованием лаборатории.

was sent for - Past Indefinite Passive от глагола to send.

ОБРАЗЕЦ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ 2

1. The changes affecting the composition of materials are called chemical changes.

1. Изменения, влияющие на состав материалов, называются химическими изменениями.

Affecting - Participle 1, определение.

2.When heated to the boiling point water evaporates.

2) Когда воду нагревают до точки кипения, она испаряется, (или: При нагревании до точки кипения вода испаряется.)

(When) heated — Participle II, обстоятельство.

3. Heat is radiated by the Sun to the Earth.

3. Тепло излучается Солнцем на Землю.

(Is) radiated - Participle П, составная часть видо-временной формы Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to radiate.

Вариант I

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. Our chemical science is successfully solving many complex problems.

2. Radio astronomy has given mankind efficient means for penetration into space.

6) 1. Becquerel's discovery was followed by an intensive research work of Marie and Pierre Curie.

2. Heat energy is transmitted in two different ways.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Nylon was the first synthetic fibre used in clothing.

2. The atoms forming our planet are built of negative electrons, positive protons and ordinary neutrons.

3. This kind of treatment when used makes the metals heat-resistant.

4. When passing through an electroscope. X-rays cause its discharge.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. One object may be larger than another one, but it may weigh less.

2. Mass can also be defined as a measure of inertia.

3. Man-made satellites had to use solar cells as a source of power.

4. Plastics should be reinforced by different kinds of fibres (to reinforce - усиливать, укреплять).

IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

PRINTING

Printing is a process for production of texts and images, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing.

Classical printing

Johann Gutenberg, of the German city of Mainz, developed European printing technology in 1440, with which the classical age of printing began. Genealogically, all modern movable type printing can be traced back to a single source, Gutenberg's printing press which he derived from the design of long known agricultural presses. East Asian style movable type printing, which was based on laborious manual rubbing and which had been scarcely used, practically died out after the introduction of European style printing in the 19th century.

Gutenberg is also credited with the introduction of an oil-based ink which was more durable than previously used water-based inks. Gutenberg was also the first to make his type from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony, which was critical for producing durable type that produced high-quality printed books, and proved to be more suitable for printing than the clay, wooden or bronze types used in East Asia. Within a year after his B42, Gutenberg also published the first coloured prints.

Gutenberg's invention of the printing press revolutionized communication and book production leading to the spread of knowledge. Rapidly, printing spread from Germany by emigrating German printers, but also by foreign apprentices returning home. A printing press was built in Venice in 1469, and by 1500 the city had 417 printers. In 1470 Johann Heynlin set up a printing press in Paris. In 1476 a printing press was developed in England by William Caxton. Stephen Day was the first to build a printing press in North America at Massachusetts Bay in 1628, and helped establish the Cambridge Press.

V. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.

1. Give the definition for “printing”.

2. When did the classical age of printing begin?

3. What is Gutenberg also credited with?

4. Why was Gutenberg's invention of the printing press so important?