Вариант 3

I Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а) 1. The reactor is fast becoming a major source of heat and electricity.

2. Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and positions of bodies in the Universe.

6) 1. Elements are transformed into other elements both by man and by nature. 2. The launching of Sputnik1 was followed by many achievements in science and engineering.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. These reactions convert hydrogen into helium, giving off a great amount of light and heat.

2. The formula E = mc² deduced by Einstein is perhaps the most well-known equation in the world.

3. Soils containing too much sand or clay are of less value in agriculture.

4. Plastics articles are often difficult to repair if broken.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Laser light can be used to transmit power of various types.

2. The application of digital (цифровой) computers should include all forms of automatic control in science and industry.

3. These new materials had to withstand much higher temperatures than metals.

4. Ethylene gas may be obtained by cracking petroleum.

IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

NATURE OF THE INDUSTRY

The printing industry prints products ranging from newspapers, magazines, and books to brochures, labels, newsletters, postcards, memo pads, business order forms, checks, maps, T-shirts, and packaging. The industry also consists of establishments that provide related services to printers, such as embossing, binding, finishing, and prepress services. Commercial lithographic printing establishments, which print a wide variety of products including newspaper inserts, catalogs, pamphlets, and advertisements, make up the largest segment of the industry.

Establishments offering primarily digital printing, which is the most technologically advanced method of printing constitutes the smallest segment of the industry. Much of the work of this segment is characterized by low volume, often done by very small shops. Another segment of the printing industry is quick printing. Quick printing establishments generally provide short-run printing and copying with fast turnaround times.

There are five printing methods that use plates or some other form of image carrier— lithography, flexography, gravure, screen printing, and letterpress. Plateless or nonimpact processes, such as electronic, electrostatic, or inkjet or ‘toner-based’ printing, are used mainly for copying, duplicating, and specialty printing, and is being used more and more throughout the industry.

Lithography, which uses the basic principle that water repels oil, is the most widely used printing process in the industry. Lithography lends itself to computer composition and the economical use of color, accounting for its dominance. Flexography produces vibrant colors with little rub off, qualities valued for newspapers, directories, and books, which are its biggest markets. Gravure’s high-quality reproduction, flexible pagination and formats, and consistent print quality have won it a significant share of packaging and product printing and a growing share of periodical printing. Screen printing prints designs on clothes and other fabric items, such as caps or napkins.

VI. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту.

1. What products does the printing industry print?

2. What are there related services to printers?

3. What is the largest and smallest segment of the industry?

4. What are there five printing methods that use plates?

5. Which is the most widely used printing process in the industry?