
- •УЧебное пособие по английскому языку
- •Введение
- •Содержание
- •Infinitive
- •Unit 5 43
- •Air pollution and smog are the problems of modern cities
- •1.Translate these word combinations and make a dialogue.
- •2. Read three given jists of the text and find one which corresponds to the contents best.
- •3. One of the greatest problems of all modern cities is the environment pollution. Read the text and tell which of the problems mentioned in the text are typical for the city you live in.
- •4. Give the summary of the text.
- •Air pollution as the major problem of the day
- •1. Say if the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
- •2. What environmental problems does air pollution cause? Fill in the table.
- •3. You are taking part in the conference on the environmental problems. Deliver a report on air pollution.
- •The ozone layer depletion
- •Страдательный залог (passive voice )
- •Organic chemistry
- •Chemical elements and compounds
- •Organic compounds
- •Substances and their transformations
- •Страдательный залог с модальными глаголами
- •Industrial Gases
- •An achievement of science: gas transformed into metal
- •Инфинитив (the infinitive)
- •Частью сказуемого:
- •Unit 4 units materials science and technology
- •Mechanical properties of materials
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Объектный инфинитивный оборот (the objective infinitive construction)
- •Measuring temperature
- •Субъектный инфинитивный оборот
- •(The subjective infinitive construction)
- •Ventilation : definition and necessity
- •Functional requirements of ventilationsystem
- •1. Air changes (or air movement) and rate of supply of fresh air
- •Systems of ventilation
- •Natural ventilation
- •Fig. 2.1. Movement of wind through buildings.
- •Ventilation due to stack effect
- •Fig. 2.4. Ventilation due to stack effect.
- •Ventilation due to both the effects
- •Meciianical (or artificial) ventilation
- •1. Extraction system (or exhaust system)
- •2. Plenum system (or supply system)
- •3. Extraction-Plenum system
- •4. Air conditioning
- •Air conditioning
- •Vocabulary
- •Герундий (gerund)
- •2. Сhoose suitable English words to Russian terms. Make your own sentences.
- •3. Read the text. Mark which paragraphs devote to the title of the text
- •4. Find correct Russian translation of English words. Compose sentences with them on the topic of the text. Find unnecessary words
- •5. Define which of these statements contain the main idea of the text
- •6.Put these sentences in order according to the text
- •7. Find the correct answer to these questions. Prove your opinion
- •8. Which paragraphs deal with these questions? Give brief explanations to each of them
- •9. Which of these sentences explain the work of heating and which ones -ventilation?
- •10. Prove these statements, add some more information from the text
- •11. Compose pairs of words from English and Russian synonyms. Explain their meaning
- •12. Read the text. Mark which paragraphs devote to the title of the text
- •14. Mark which paragraphs these titles belong to. Place them in order according to the text
- •15. Finish these sentences
- •16. Divide these sentences into three groups
- •18. Change these words into another part of speech
- •Причастие (the participle)
- •§ 217. 1. Present Participle Active (причастие настоящего времени
- •1.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.
- •2. Translate the following word-combinations in accord to the given models:
- •3.Замените придаточные предложения причины причастными оборотами.
- •4.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Participle или Perfect Participle.
- •I. Tasks before reading.
- •II. Listen to the students' discussion and name advantages and disadvantages of alternative energy sources
- •III. Complete the following dialogues.
- •IV. Match a line in a with a line in b.
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents.
- •II. Match the words with the opposite meaning.
- •III. Find in в the derivatives from the words in a.
- •I. What do we need energy for? Make a list of the uses of energy and compare it with that of your partner.
- •II. Translate the following compound nouns into Russian.
- •III. Scan the text to find answers to these questions.
- •Forms of energy
- •Varieties of energy (a)
- •The end of the universe (b)
- •Heat energy (c)
- •Participle II
- •Независимый причастный оборот (the absolute participle construction)
- •1. Express the same idea in a shorter way.
- •2. Join these sentences into one.
- •3. Provide more detailed information.
- •4. Expand the sentences.
- •5. Choose the right option.
- •6. Open the brackets and use Participles in the right form.
- •7. Correct mistakes.
- •Water supply
- •1. Choose suitable translation of English words from Russian ones. Compose sentences with them on the topic of the text
- •2. Chose the translation of bold type (выделенных) words.
- •3.Point which of these sentences have the main idea of the text. Explain your point of view
- •4. Which of these statements contain the basic of the text. Put them in accordance with the context
- •5. Add these sentences with correct variant according to the text. Using as a plan speak briefly about Water Supply
- •6. Fill this table due to points of the topic Sanitary engineering
- •Unit 10
- •Operating systems
- •Vocabulary:
- •Vocabulary:
- •Introduction to the www and the internet
- •Vocabulary:
- •Famous people of Science and Engineering. Bill gates
- •Unit 11
- •2. Chilled Water System
- •2.9. Essentials of air conditioning system
- •1. Filtration
- •2. Heating
- •3. Cooling
- •4. Humidification
- •5. Dehumidification
- •6. Air circulation or distribution
- •Unit 12 albert einstein
- •Time for fun
- •Unit 13 mstislav keldysh (1911-1978)
- •Industrial plastics: rigid and flexible foams
- •Unit 14
- •D.I. Mendeleyev — pride of russian science
- •Unit 15
- •Igor kurchatov (1903—1960)
- •Unit 16 our star —the sun
- •Список литературы
Famous people of Science and Engineering. Bill gates
William Henry Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, in 1955. He is an American business executive, chairman and chief executive officer of the Microsoft Corporation. Gates was the founder of Microsoft in 1975 together with Paul Allen, his partner in computer language development. While attending Harvard in 1975, Gates together with Allen developed a version of the BASIC computer programming language for the first personal computer.
In the early 1980s, Gates led Microsoft's evolution from the developer of computer programming languages to a large computer software company. This transition began with the introduction of MS-DOS, the operating system for the new IBM Personal Computer in 1981. Gates also led Microsoft towards the introduction of application software such as the Microsoft Word processor. Much of Gates' success is based on his ability to translate technical visions into market strategy. Although Gates has accumulated greet wealth from his holdings of Microsoft stock, he has been known as a tough competitor who seems to value winning in a competitive environment over money. Gates still continues to work personally in product development at Microsoft.
GRAMMAR:
Косвенная речь
Reported Speech
В английском языке существует два способа передачи чужого высказывания. Прямая речь (the Direct Speech) передает его без всяких изменений. В косвенной речи (the Indirect Speech) чужая мысль пересказывается с изменением порядка слов, временных
форм, некоторых слов, а также интонации.
EX. Tony says, "I am late again!" -
Tony says that he is late again.
Sue said, "I am leaving tomorrow."
Sue said that she was leaving the following day.
В косвенной речи могут передаваться утверждения, вопросы, приказания и просьбы. При переходе из прямой речи в косвенную утверждение, как правило, становится придаточным предложением (с союзом that), которое в прошедшем времени подчиняется правилу согласования времен. При передаче чужого высказывания могут происходить и лексические изменения. Глагол say, например, заменяется глаголом tell, если указано лицо, к которому обращаются.
EX. Ann says to me, "I'm hungry."
Ann says to me (tells me) that she is hungry. Просьбы, приказания, рекомендации в косвенной речи имеют форму инфинитива.
EX. "Please, cross the road here," the policeman says.
The policeman asks to cross the street there.
The teacher says to his students, "Don't forget to sign your papers."
The teacher asks his students not to forget to sign their papers.
My mother says, "Don't wash your jeans in hot water."
My mother warns me not to wash my jeans in hot water.
Общий вопрос в косвенной речи имеет форму придаточного предложения, вводимого союзами if или whether, с прямым порядком слов. На русский язык такие предложения переводятся с помощью частицы ли.
EX. "Is it raining now?" he asks. - He asks if it is raining now. "Do you understand me?" she asks. — She asks if I understand her. "Are there any people there?" the manager asks. - The manager asks // there are some people there.
При передаче специального вопроса в косвенной речи он становится придаточным предложением, которое вводится союзным словом, соответствующим вопросительному слов) в вопросе. Порядок слов в таких предложениях прямой.
EX. They ask, "What is the time?" - They ask what time it is. He asks, "When will it happen?" - He asks where it will happen. She asks us, "Who has come?" - She asks us who has come. We ask them, "How often do you meet?" - We ask them how often they meet.
Предложения в зависимости от цели высказывания могут вводиться следующими глаголами:
Add, advise, allow, describe, explain, complain, continue, inform, insist. note, observe, order, inform, promise, protest, remark, reply, remind. refuse, suggest, think, warn, wonder.
EX. I ask, "Who reads all these books?" — I wonder who reads all
these books.
"You can stay here till morning," she says. - She allows me to stay here till
morning.
"Remember to phone your Granny," he says to me. - He reminds me to
phone my Granny.
"Don't take sharp knives," Dad says to the children. — Dad warns the
children not to take sharp knives.
EX.1. Remake the following sentences like it is shown in the example:
She says, "I have to go." - She says (that) she has to go.
1. Tom says, "I am always late for classes." 2. Father says, "My watch is slow." 3. The detective says, "There is something strange about this person." 4. The sign says, "There is no parking here." 5. Mum says, "It's time to have lunch." 6. The teacher says, "Sit down, please." 7. The weatherman says, "It will be icy tomorrow." 8. The boy says. "I can ride a motor-bike." 9. The policeman says, "Be careful, and don't walk alone in the night." 10. The Prime Minister says, "I promise everything will be all right soon." 11. She says, "I am leaving tomorrow." 12. The son says to his parents, "I've never been in the circus." 13. The doctor says to his patient, "Go to bed not later than ten o'clock in the "evening." 14. She says, "I am having tea now." 15. Hue and Liz say, "We met two days ago." 16. My dentist says, "Sweets are harmful for your teeth." 17. "Don't worry," he says. "If someone calls, I'll let you know." 18. "Don't make noise, children," says our teacher. 19. "I can't do it without your help," says Roman. 20. "Type this letter urgently," the chief says. 21. The top-model says, "There is nothing better than a good sleep."
EX. 2. Remake the following sentences like it is shown in the example:
He asks, "Are you ready to go out?" -He asks if I am ready to go out.
1. The stranger asks, "Is anybody at home?" 2. They ask, "Is it cold today?" 3. The teacher asks, "Do you have any questions?" 4. Mario asks us, "Has Maria come?" 5. The boss asks, "Do you agree with me?" 6. She asks, "Is this film worth seeing?" 7. The student asks, "Shall I start leading?" 8. Everybody asks, "Do you nave an extra ticket?" 9. The waiter asks, "Would you like some cheese?" 10. Sarah asks, "Do I have to say 'Yes'?" 11. The policeman asks, "Has anything Happened?" 12. I am asked, "Were you born in spring or in autumn?" 13. He asks, "Am I right or not?" 14. Richard asks, "Are you going to Charles's wedding next Saturday?" 15. I am always asked at the airport, "Have you got a traveling insurance?" 16. She asks me, "Can you understand what he means?" 17. When I come home in the evening, my parents ask me, "Did you have a good time?" 18. The manager asks the clerk, "Have all the documents been signed?"
EX. 3. Remake the following sentences like it is shown in the example:
He asks, "Where has she gone?" - He asks where she has gone.
1. I ask them, "Who is the director of this film?" 2. They ask, "What happened last week?" 3. Sam asks, "Who told you this?" 4. The passerby asks, "Where is the nearest cafe?" 5. She asks, "How much does this jacket cost?" 6. My students often ask, "How long does it take to study English?" 7. Grandpa asks, "What have they just said on the radio?" 8. She asks, "Whose clothes are these?" 9. Mr. Snow asks, "Who am I talking to?" 10. Everybody asks, "When will the party begin?" 11. They ask us, "How often does it snow in the Caucasus?" 12. My daughter asks me. "Who invented the bicycle?" 13. He asks, "What is on TV tonight?" 14. She asks, "How much shampoo is there in the bottle?" 15. My mother asks me, "What tea do you prefer?" 16. We ask the tourists, "Have you been to Russia before?"
EX. 4. Translate the following sentences.
A. 1. Наш начальник говорит, что его хобби - работа. 2. Он спрашивает, сколько сейчас времени. 3. Врач спрашивает, как я себя чувствую. Я отвечаю, что неплохо. И добавляю, что никогда раньше не болел. 4. Мои родители всегда говорят мне не есть так быстро. 5. Интересно, кем он работает? 6. Все спрашивают, как давно мы работаем вместе. 7. Она говорит, что оставила ключ! дома. 8. Сообщают, что завтра будет теплее, чем сегодня теплее, чем сегодня. 9. Он просит не говорить, что он дома. 10. Интересно, кто изобрел велосипед? 11. Он спрашивает, какие цветы я люблю. Я отвечаю, что незабудки. 12. Она спрашивает, как часто здесь идут дожди. 13. Интересно, сколько требуется времени, чтобы написать книгу? 14. Интересно, в этом году будет жаркое лето?
В. 1. Он считает, что это хорошая идея. 2. Секретарша спрашивает. что ей сказать, если кто-то позвонит. 3. Интересно, кто здесь только что был? 1. Инспектор хотел бы знать, не заметила ли я что-нибудь странное. 5. Они напоминают нам, что осенью будут выборы. 6. Интересно, много ли у нас времени? 7. Врач советует мне одеваться теплее. 8. Профессор говорит, что Оксфорд знаменит своими традициями. 9. Учительница просит детей не шуметь. 10. Он предупреждает, что у меня мало шансов поступить в театральный институт. 11. Ученого спрашивают, гордится ли он своими успехами. Он отвечает, что гордится. Он также считает, что еще многое предстоит сделать. 12. Я стучусь в дверь и спрашиваю, есть ли кто-нибудь дома. Никто не отвечает. 13. Наши друзья предлагают никуда не ходить, а остаться дома и поиграть в карты.
List of irregular verbs
Simple Present tense |
Simple Past tense |
Simple Participle |
Simple Participle |
|
be |
was/were |
been |
being |
быть |
beat |
beat |
beaten |
beating |
бить |
become |
became |
become |
becoming |
становиться, делаться |
begin |
began |
begun |
beginning |
начинать |
bend |
bent |
bent |
bending |
сгибаться |
bite |
bit |
bitten |
biting |
кусать |
blow |
blew |
blown |
blowing |
дуть; цвести |
break |
broke |
broken |
breaking |
ломать |
bring |
brought |
brought |
bringing |
приносить |
keep |
kept |
kept |
keeping |
хранить |
know |
knew |
known |
knowing |
знать |
lay |
laid |
laid |
laying |
класть |
lead |
led |
led |
leading |
вести |
leave |
left |
left |
leaving |
оставлять |
lend |
lent |
lent |
lending |
одалживать |
burst |
burst |
burst |
bursting |
разражаться, взрывать(ся) |
build |
built |
built |
building |
строить |
buy |
bought |
bought |
buying |
покупать |
catch |
caught |
caught |
catching |
ловить |
choose |
chose |
chosen |
choosing |
выбирать |
come |
came |
come |
coming |
приходить |
cost |
cost |
cost |
costing |
стоить |
cut |
cut |
cut |
cutting |
резать |
deal |
dealt |
dealt |
dealing |
иметь дело, обходиться |
dig |
dug |
dug |
digging |
копать |
do |
did |
done |
doing |
делать |
draw |
drew |
drawn |
drawing |
тащить, тянуть; рисовать |
drink |
drank |
drunk |
drinking |
пить |
drive |
drove |
driven |
driving |
гнать, ехать |
eat |
ate |
eaten |
eating |
есть |
fall |
fell |
fallen |
falling |
падать |
feed |
fed |
fed |
feeding |
кормить |
feel |
felt |
felt |
feeling |
чувствовать |
fight |
fought |
fought |
fighting |
сражаться |
find |
found |
found |
finding |
находить |
fly |
flew |
flown |
flying |
летать |
forbid |
forbade |
forbidden |
forbidding |
запрещать |
forget |
forgot |
forgotten |
forgetting |
забывать |
forgive |
forgave |
forgiven |
forgiving |
прощать |
freeze |
froze |
frozen |
freezing |
замерзать, замораживать |
get |
got |
got |
getting |
получать, достигать, делаться |
get |
got |
gotten |
getting * |
(амер.) |
give |
gave |
given |
giving |
давать |
go |
went |
gone |
going |
идти, уходить |
grow |
grew |
grown |
growing |
расти |
hang |
hung |
hung |
hanging |
висеть, вешать |
have |
had |
had |
having |
иметь |
hear |
heard |
heard |
hearing |
слышать |
hide |
hid |
hidden |
hiding |
прятать |
hit |
hit |
hit |
hitting |
ударять; попадать |
hold |
held |
held |
holding |
держать |
hurt |
hurt |
hurt |
hurting |
причинять вред, боль |
|
fie |
lay |
lain |
lying |
лежать |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
light |
lit |
lit |
lighting |
освещать |
|
lose |
lost |
lost |
losing |
терять |
|
make |
made |
made |
making |
делать |
|
mean |
meant |
meant |
meaning |
значить; подразумевать |
|
meet |
met |
met |
meeting |
встречать |
|
pay |
paid |
paid |
paying |
платить |
|
put |
put |
put |
putting |
класть, ставить |
|
read |
read |
read |
reading |
читать |
|
ride |
rode |
ridden |
riding |
ехать (верхом и т. п.) |
|
ring |
rang |
rung |
ringing |
звонить |
|
rise |
rose |
risen |
rising |
подниматься |
run |
ran |
run |
running |
бегать |
|
say |
said |
said |
saying |
говорить, сказать |
|
see |
saw |
seen |
seeing |
видеть |
|
seek |
sought |
sought |
seeking |
искать |
|
sell |
sold |
sold |
selling |
продавать |
|
send |
sent |
sent |
sending |
посылать |
|
set |
set |
set |
setting |
устанавливать |
|
sew |
sewed |
sewn/sewed |
sewing |
шить |
|
shake |
shook |
shaken |
shaking |
трясти |
|
shine |
shone |
shone |
shining |
светить(ся), сиять |
|
shoot |
shot |
shot |
shooting |
стрелять; давать побеги |
|
show |
showed |
shown |
showing |
показывать |
|
shrink |
shrank |
shrunk |
shrinking |
сокращать(ся); отступать |
|
shut |
shut |
shut |
shutting |
закрывать |
|
sing |
sang |
sung |
singing |
петь |
|
sit |
sat |
sat |
sitting |
сидеть |
|
sleep |
slept |
slept |
sleeping |
спать |
|
speak |
spoke |
spoken |
speaking |
говорить |
|
spend |
spent |
spent |
spending |
тратить |
|
split |
split |
split |
splitting |
расщеплять(ся) |
|
spread |
spread |
spread |
spreading |
распространять(ся) |
|
spring |
sprang |
sprung |
springing |
вскакивать; возникать |
|
stand |
stood |
stood |
standing |
стоять |
|
steal |
stole |
stolen |
stealing |
красть(ся) |
|
stick |
stuck |
stuck |
sticking |
колоть, втыкать; |
|
|
|
|
|
приклеивать(ся) |
|
string |
stung |
stung |
stringing |
натягивать; нанизывать |
|
stink |
stank |
stunk |
stinking |
вонять |
|
strike |
struck |
struck |
striking |
ударять(ся) |
|
swear |
swore |
sworn |
swearing |
клясться |
|
sweep |
swept |
swept |
sweeping |
мести |
|
swim |
swam |
swum |
swimming |
плавать |
|
swing |
swung |
swung |
swinging |
качать(ся), размахивать |
|
take |
took |
taken |
taking |
брать |
|
teach |
taught |
taught |
teaching |
учить |
|
tear |
tore |
torn |
tearing |
рвать |
|
tell |
told |
told |
telling |
рассказывать, сказать |
|
think |
thought |
thought |
thinking |
думать |
|
throw |
threw |
thrown |
throwing |
бросать |
|
understand |
understood |
understood |
understanding |
понимать |
|
wake |
woke |
woken |
waking |
просыпаться; будить |
|
wear |
wore |
worn |
wearing |
носить(ся) (об одежде и т. п.] |
Supplementary texts