Объектный инфинитивный оборот (the objective infinitive construction)

«Объектный инфинитивный оборот» представляет собой сочетание имени существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже с инфинитивом глагола:

I want him (Peter) to work at this Я хочу чтобы он (Питер) работал problem with us. над этой проблемой вместе снами.

«Объектный инфинитивный оборот» равнозначен придаточному предложению и поэтому имеет два элемента: 1) имя (существительное или местоимение), обозначающее лицо или предмет, которое совершает действие (соответствует подлежащему придаточного предложения), и 2) инфинитив, выражающий действие, совершаемое лицом или предметом (соответствует сказуемому придаточного предложения). Поэтому «Объектный инфинитивный оборот» переводится на русский язык придаточным дополнительным предложением, вводимым союзами что, чтобы, как:

I expect that she will come to morrow. } Я ожидаю, что она придет завтра.

I expect her to come tomorrow. } Я ожидаю, что она придет завтра.

«Объектный инфинитивный оборот» употребляется после гла­голов, выражающих:

1) желание или потребность:

to went - хотеть, требовать, нуждаться

to wish - желать

to desire - желать

I should like - я хотел бы

He wants me to help him. Он хочет, чтобы я помог ему.

I wish my friends to come on Sunday. Я хочу, чтобы мои друзья пришли в воскресенье.

I should like you to translate this article. Я бы хотел, чтобы вы перевели эту статью.

2) предположение, мнение, суждение:

to suppose - полагать, предполагать

to expect - ожидать

to consider - считать, полагать

to assume - предполагать, допускать

to prove - оказываться, доказывать

to believe - считать, полагать

to understand - понимать

to think - думать, считать

I consider him to be dangerous. Я считаю, что он опасен.

They expect the ship to arrive Они ожидают, что пароход

tonight. прибудет сегодня вечером.

I believe her to have been sent to Я полагаю, что ее послали в

St. Petersburg. Санкт-Петербург.

В конструкции «Объектный инфинитивный оборот» после таких глаголов, как to consider, to think, глагол to be может опускаться. Например, вместо I consider him to be a good specialist можно сказать I consider him a good specialist и на русский язык перевести буквально, а именно: Я считаю его хорошим специалистом.

3) физическое восприятие и ощущение:

to watch - наблюдать

to observe - наблюдать

to notice - замечать

to see - видеть

to hear -слышать

to feel - ощущать

После всех этих глаголов, а также после глаголов to make, to cause в значении заставлять, вынудить инфинитив употребляется без частицы to:

We did not see the teacher enter Мы не видели, как преподаватель

the room. вошел в комнату.

Have you heard him play the Вы слышали, как он играет на

piano? пианино?

4) знание, осведомленность, утверждение, констатацию факта:

to note - отмечать

to find - находить, считать

to claim - утверждать

to state - констатировать

We found him (to be) dishonest. Мы обнаружили, что он нечес­тен.

5) принуждение, разрешение или заорет:

to make - заставлять

to cause - заставлять

to force - вынуждать

to allow - позволять

to permit - позволять

to order - приказывать

to command - приказывать

to enable - давать возможность

«Объектный инфинитивный оборот» после этих глаголов переводится развернутым придаточным предложением:

Our English teacher makes us learn Наш преподаватель английского языка

the words for every lesson. заставляет нас учить слова к каждому уроку.

Инфинитив после перечисленных глаголов нередко встречается в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice)- В этом случае он переводится на русский язык инфинитивом в форме действительного залога и ставится перед существительным, которое в английском предложении предшествует инфинитиву:

The chief engineer allowed the new Главный инженер разрешил

engine to be tested. испытывать новый двигатель.

Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form:

1. He made me (do) it all over again. 2. Her father made her (learn) the lessons. 3. If you want us (make) the work quickly you should let us (start) at once. 4. Would you like me (read) now? 5. They won't let us (leave) the classroom till our control work has been checked. 6. He wouldn't let the children (play) in his study. 7. Please let me (know) the results of your exam as soon as possible. 8. He made us (wait) for two hours. 9. I let him (go) early as he had done his task. 10. I'd like him (enter) the university but I can't make him (do) it. 11.I want her (learn) English. 12.I heard the door (open) and saw my friend (come) into the room. 13. I heard her (play) the piano. 14.I saw him (go out) of the house. 15. The teacher advised us (use) dictionaries. 16. Her father doesn't allow her (go) to the cinema alone. 17. We expect our basketball team (win) next game. 18. We don't want you (tell) anything. 19.I saw them (open) the window. 20. That is too difficult for you to do, let me (help) you.

Exercise 2. Translate into English:

1. Вы хотите, чтобы дети играли здесь? 2. Вы хотите, чтобы мы встретились сегодня? 3. Вы ожидаете, работа будет сделана скоро? 4. Мы ожидаем, что они хорошо проведут у нас время. 5. Я хочу, чтобы он закончил эту работу. 6. Мы слышали, что она знает, когда мы сдаем экзамен. 7. Вы хотите, чтобы мы обсудили этот вопрос сегодня? 8. Мы ожидаем, что на этом месте будет построен новый дом. 9. Вы хотели бы, чтобы работа была сделана сегодня?

Exercise 3. Translate into Russian using the objective construction

A. 1. He wanted us to visit the art exhibition.

2. I expect you to tell me everything.

3. I suppose her to be about 50.

4. The teacher does not consider him to be a good student.

5. The engineer expected the work to be done in time.

6. We expect you to show good results.

7. We know him to have graduated from the Institute two years ago.

8. Everybody knows him to be working on a new book.

9. We believe cybernetics to be an important branch of modern technology

10. We thought him to have taken part in their experiment.

Б. 1. She felt somebody touch her.

2. We heard him come in and close the door behind him.

3. Have you ever seen Ulanova dance?

4. She watched the boy buy a newspaper, open it, look it through and then throw it away.

5. I heard him mention my sister's name.

6. Many people like to watch the sun rise.

7. She saw her son fall and shouted.

8. He likes to watch his son play in the garden.

9. The students heard the bell ring.

10. You can't make me believe that all these stories are true.

11. In spite of bad weather the instructor made the sportsmen continue their training.

Exercise 4. Rewrite sentences using Complex Object

1. We noticed a man. The man was cleaning his shoes. 2. He saw two girls. They were dancing on the stage. 3. She watched the children. They were running and playing in the garden. 4. I saw her. She was arranging her hair. 5. we saw our neighbor . He was listening to the latest news on the radio. 6. The cat was rubbing itself on my leg. I felt it. 7. They were fishing. We saw it. 8. The pupils were writing a paper. The teacher watched them. 9. A caterpillar was crawling on my arm. 10. We heard I. Arkhipova last night. She was singing a Russian folk song .

11. The boy noticed a boy. It flew on to the bush near the window. 12 Jane saw her neighbor. He opened the door of his flat and went in. 13.I saw him. He pointed to a picture on the wall. 14.I heard him. He shut the door of the study.15 we saw that the children climbed to the tops of the trees.16 I noticed that Henry went up and spoke to the stranger. 17. He slipped and fell. I saw it. 18. I heard that she suddenly cried out loudly. 19. She bent and picked up something from the floor. The policeman saw it. 20.I saw that he opened the door and left the room.

Test 1

Tick off the variant that is impossible in English.

1. A) I saw her entering the room.

B) I saw her enter the room.

C) I saw her to enter the room.

2. A) Many people found him be innocent.

B) Many people found him innocent.

C) Many people found him to be innocent.

3. A) When came nearer I heard somebody playing the piano.

B) When came nearer I heard somebody play the piano.

C) When came nearer I heard somebody to play the piano.

4. A) Do you want to make me some tea?

B) Do you want me make you some tea?

C) Do you want some tea made for you?

D) Do you want me to make you some tea?

5. A) They watched him getting off the bus and crossing the road.

B) They watched him get off the bus and cross the road.

C) They watched him to get off the bus and cross the road.

6. A) I don't consider him be an honest man.

B) I don't consider him an honest man.

C) I don't consider him to be an honest man.

7. A) He expected us to come on Sunday.

B) He expected us come on Sunday.

C) He expected that we would come on Sunday.

8. A) Would you like them change their mind?

B) Would you like them to change their mind?

C) Would you like to change their mind?

9. A) They expect themselves to be invited.

B) They expect to be invited.

C) They expect that they will be invited.

D) They expect they will be invited.

10. A) Do you feel her watching you?

B) Do you feel her watch you?

C) Do you feel her to watch you?

11. A) They considered themselves to be right,

B) They considered to be right.

C) They considered that they were right.

12. A) He ordered that the execution should be postponed.

B) He ordered the execution to be postponed.

C) He ordered the execution be postponed.

Test 2

1. Teddy’s words made me (feel) uncomfortable.

A) to feel

B) feeling

C) feel

2. Mrs. Pottson allowed her guests (smoke ) in the living-room.

A) to smoke

B) smoking

C) smoke

3. Has the secretary come yet? I want to have my papers (type).

A) to type

B) type

C) typed

4. I watched my cat (play) with her kittens. I couldn’t tear myself away from that funny sight.

A) played

B) plying

C) to play

5. Granny didn’t want my Mom (marry) my Dad.

A) marry

B) to marry

C) married

6. Our English teacher told us (not/feel) shy and speak English as much as possible.

A) not to feel

B) not feel

C) felt

7. I have to get my photograph (take) for a new passport.

A) took

B) take

C) taken

8. There wasn’t much traffic in the street. I saw a little girl (cross) the road.

A) crossed

B) cross

C) to cross

9. I have never heard Helen (sing).

A) sang

B) sings

C) singing

10. Mary would like her brother (avoid) Tom’s company.

A) to avoid

B) avoid

C) avoided

11. We expected the Harrisons (arrive) later than usual.

A) to arrive

B) arrive

C) arrived

12. What makes you (do) such rash actions?

A) do

B) to do

C) doing

UNIT 5

Read and translate the text

AIR-CONDITIONING

I

Air-conditioning is the bringing of air in a building to a desired temperature, purity, and humidity throughout the year to maintain healthy and comfortable atmosphere.

Air-conditioning may be divided into two main sections: *one for the processing of materials¹ in industry; the other for human comfort. It has been found that there is an optimum condition of temperature and humidity at which the processing of different materials may be carried out with the minimum of wastage and the maximum of goods of specification quality. The system is therefore designed to produce air of predetermined temperature and moisture content and to keep it so despite all external influences. Such air is filtered free of foreign material.

Conditioning air for human comfort may also be divided into two main sections — winter and summer. Frequently, the systems installed in office buildings provide control during both seasons. Complete air-conditioning provides the following services. *

First, filtration of the air both in winter and summer to remove dust.

Second, circulation of the air at low velocity and with proper diffusion to prevent draughts and maintain *a uniform temperature and humidity² at all parts of the inhabited space.

Third, introduction of enough fresh air from the outside atmosphere.

Fourth, heating of the air in winter.

Fifth, cooling of the air in summer below the outside atmosphere.

Sixth, humidifying the air in winter to a relative humidity of at least 20-25 per cent.

Seventh, dehumidifying the air in summer to a relative humidity not exceeding 55 per cent.

The basic pieces of equipment are the filters, preheat coils, humidifiers, reheat coils, additional cooling coils, fans and controls. The control of air purity can be achieved in various degrees. As a minimum control some sort of filtering must be done near the entrance of the air-conditioning system. Possibly the most efficient filtering device is the electrostatic precipitator.

Air conditioning for human comfort is employed in both large and small installations, such as theaters, office buildings, department stores, residences, airplanes, railways, cars and submarines.

II

People are comfortable when they are *neither too cold, nor³ too warm and when the air about them is neither too dry, nor too damp and is not stuffy or dusty. To bring about these desirable conditions the heating or air-conditioning apparatus must be capable of maintaining the following conditions inside the house, whatever the con­ditions outside may be.

To avoid stuffiness, the air should be given a certain amount of motion. Under winter conditions this must be sufficient to distribute the heat uniformly throughout the rooms. It must not be too cold at the floor, not too hot at the ceiling. *A stove causes the hot air around it⁴ to rise up toward the ceiling and cooler air to flow toward the stove. A radiator acts in this respect like a stove. Warm-air registers bring heated air into a room with a certain motion or velocity which imparts movement to the air already in the room. An outlet for this air should be provided in order to have good ventilation. In summer time much greater air motion is needed, enough to change the air in a room completely from three to ten times per hour. Sometimes a fan is placed in the attic to blow the warm air out and to cause the cooler night air to flow through open windows. When this is done, air in the house can be expected to be changed completely every two or three minutes. When air is brought into a house from outside, heated in a furnace and distributed through all the rooms, it ought to be cleaned by passing it through "filters" before it enters the furnace.

Exercise 1. A few explanations to the text.

1. ...one for the processing of materials — первый для обработки материалов...

2. ... a uniform temperature and humidity — одинаковую температуру и влажность...

3. ...neither..., nor... — ни... ни...

4. A stove causes the hot air around it... — Сушильная печь

заставляет горячий воздух вокруг...

Exercise 2. Key vocabulary/expressions

an amount of — количество чего-л.

attic — n мансарда; чердак;

be capable of — быть способным

desire — n желание

duct — n проток, канал

exceed — v превышать, превосходить

humidity — n влажность

inhabit — v жить, обитать

moisture — n влажность

motion — n движение

outlet — n выпускное или выходное отверстие

precipitator — n осаждатель, ускоритель

purity — n чистота

stuffy — adj душный

velocity — n скорость

waste — n бесполезная трата

Exercise 3. Phonetic Test. Read the following words correctly

stuffy, dust, include, require, must, crude, humidity, build, hundred, molecular, sufficient, adequate, cause, furnace, requite, thousand, truly, evolution.

Exercise 4.Find suitable Russian words to English terms.

humidity 1.увлажнять

purity 2. универсальные магазины

department stores 3. чистота

sound knowledge 4. глубокие знания

excess heat 5. очистка воздуха

cleaning of air 6. экономичный источник

fumes 7. коммерческие здания

hazardous to health 8.запахи, испарения

modern amenities 9. опасный для здоровья

economical source 10. современные удобства

commercial buildings 11. влажность

humidify 12. избыток тепла

Exercise 5.Finish these sentences according the text add some more information from the text to each sentence.

1. Conditioning air for human comfort…

2. Air-conditioning is…

Exercise 6. Speaking practice. Discuss air-conditioning of the house with your partner using the following phrases:

1. Another important thing is...

2. You must keep in mind that...

3. You avoid this.. .should...

4. ...(this) must be sufficient.

5. What people need most of all...

Exercise 7. Using the key words retell the text.

Exercise 8.Translate both parts of the text reading firstly how to convert temperature from Fahrenheit scale to Centigrade scale.