Unit v

Vocabulary commentary I

Study the definitions of the words with similar meanings and think about their proper Russian equivalents. In the sentences given after each vocabulary item fill in the gaps choosing an appropriate word in the correct form.

1. Disease / illness / disorder / ailment / sickness disease - [n,]

1) [] an illness that affects people or animals, especially one that is caused by infection; a heart i liver / kidney, etc. Disease; an infectious / contagious disease; a disease of (a disease of the nervous system); to suffer from a disease; to cause a disease; to catch / to get / to pick up a disease; to carry / to pass on / to spread / to transmit a disease

He suffers from a rare blood disease.

It is not known what causes the disease.

2) [C] (formal) something that is very wrong with people's attitudes, way of life or with society

Greed is a disease of modern society.

illness - [n, C/U]

1. [U] the state of feeling ill or having a disease

He missed five days of school because of illness.

2) [C] a particular disease or a period of being ill; minor / serious Illnesses

She has had no serious illnesses, and has never been in hospital

ill [adj]

(not usually before noun!) suffering from an illness or disease; not feeling well; to be ill; to feel ill; to be taken ill / to fall ill

We both started to feel ill shortly after the meal.

Disorder - [n, C/U]

an illness that causes a part of the body to stop functioning correctly; a blood / bowel, etc. disorder; eating disorders (such as anorexia [ˌæn(ə)'reksɪə] or bulimia [bjuː'lɪmɪə] in which someone tries to control their

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weight in a way that makes them ill); a mental / psychiatric / psychological disorder

He was suffering from some form of a psychiatric disorder.

Note: disease, illness or disorder?

Disease is used to talk about more severe physical medical problems, especially those that affect the organs. Illness is used to talk about both more severe and more minor medical problems, and those that affect mental health. Disease is not used about a period of illness. A disorder is generally not infectious. Disorder occurs most frequently with words relating to mental problems, for example psychiatric, personality, mental and eating. When it is used to talk about physical problems, it most often occurs with blood, bowel and kidney, and these are commonly serious, severe or rare.

an ailment - [n, C]

an illness that is not very serious; childhood / common i minor ailments

Whatever ailment Steve suffered from was gone by the next morning.

Sickness - [n, C/U]

1) [U] illness; bad health

She's been off work because of sickness.

2) [U/C, usually sing.] A particular type of illness or disease; altitude i travel i radiation, etc. sickness

The climbers suffered badly from altitude sickness.

3) [U] (especially) the feeling that you are likely to vomit (bring food back up from the stomach to the mouth); Synonym: nausea

The sickness passed off after a while.

sick- [adj]

1) physically or mentally ill; a sick child; to be off sick (to be away from work because of illness); to call in sick (to telephone to say that the person who is calling will not be coming to work because of illness); to get sick (to become ill); to be on sick leave

He stayed at home looking after his sick wife.

2) [not usually before noun] (especially BrE) feeling that you want to vomit (to bring food from your stomach back out through your mouth)

If you eat any more cake, you'll make yourself sick.

3) -sick (in compounds) feeling sick as a result of travelling on a ship, plane, etc.; seasick i airsick i carsick i travel-sick

The voyage turned into a nightmare because he was seasick.

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Note: illness or sickness?

Sickness is used most often in contexts concerning work and insurance. It is commonly found with words such as pay, leave, absence and insurance.

Illness has a wider range of uses and is found in more general contexts.

Disease / illness / disorder / ailment / sickness

1. He died after a long __________.

2. He had treated her for a mental __________.

3. I recommend you get insurance against __________ and unemployment.

0. Nowadays a lot of young women who want to look like models and

Cover girls suffer from different forms of eating __________.

5. She was unlucky enough to fall __________ on holiday.

6. Smoking can cause fatal __________.

7. Studies have revealed that fewer vegetarians suffer from heart __________.

8. The pharmacist can assist you with the treatment of common __________.

9. The thought of eating made him feel __________.

10. They live from day to day looking after their __________ daughter.

11. Whenever i travel by plane i get __________unless i take a travel __________ pill.

2. Pain / ache

pain - [n, C/U]

1) [u/c] the feelings that you have in your body when you have been hurt or when you are ill i sick; a sharp pain; acute pain; stomach i chest pains; to relieve the pain; to be in pain

He felt a sharp pain in his knee.

The fresh air had done nothing to relieve the pain Kelly felt in her head.

2) [u/c] mental or emotional suffering; no pain, no gain (saying)

He found it hard to cope with the pain of being separated from his children.

3) [c] (informal) a person or thing that is very annoying; a pain in the neck

She can be a real pain when she's in a bad mood.

an ache - [n, c] [eɪk]

(often in compounds) a pain that is continuous and unpleasant, but usually not very strong; a dull ache; to have aches and pains (minor pains 'that continue over a period of time); an ache in my heart (figurative: a

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continuous sad feeling); a headache / (a) toothache / (an) earache / (a) stomach ache / (a) backache

Muscular aches and pains can be soothed by a relaxing massage.

Red wine gives me a headache.

to ache - [v]

1. to feel a continuous dull pain; Synonym: to hurt

I'm aching all over.

All his limbs ached and he shivered with the cold.

2) (formal) to have a strong desire for smb.! sth. or to do sth.; to ache for smb. / smth. / to ache to do smth.

I was aching for home.

to hurt- [v]

1. (of part of your body) to feel painful; it hurts

My feet hurt.

It hurts when i bend my knee.

b) (or an action) to cause physical pain to smb. / yourself

Ouch! It hurts!

My back is really hurting me today.

Pain / ache / hurt

1. Fred's knees __________ after skiing all day.

2. He __________ to see her.

3. It's a __________ having to go all that way for just one meeting.

4. Mummy, i've got a tummy __________.

5. My shoes __________ - they're too tight.

6. Philip's head began to __________.

7. She walked slowly down the road evidently in __________.

8. She was given drugs to control the __________.

9. The __________was almost more than he could bear.

10. There was a dull __________in his stomach.

3) Fatigue / exhaustion / tiredness

fatigue - [n, U]

a feeling of being extremely tired, usually because of hard work or exercise; physical and mental fatigue; chronic fatigue syndrome; synonyms: exhaustion, tiredness

The driver's fatigue was to blame for the accident.

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exhaustion - [n, u] [ɪg'zɔːsʧ(ə)n]

the state of being very tired and without enough energy to do anything else; to suffer from physical / mental/nervous exhaustion

Her face was grey with exhaustion.

to be / to feel completely exhausted

The exhausted climbers were rescued by helicopter.

tiredness - [n, u]

the state of wanting to sleep or rest

I couldn't concentrate because of tiredness.

to be / to look / to feel/to get tired

to be tired of smb. / smth. / of doing smth. (no longer wanting something or wanting to do something because you are bored with it or annoyed by it); to be sick and tired of smth. / doing smth. (very bored with)

She was tired of hearing about their trip to India.

fatigue / exhaustion / tiredness

1. Kids can suddenly get very __________ after playing for a time.

2. On most occasions, __________ can be relieved after a good night's sleep.

3. She was in a state of nervous __________.

4. Some people find that __________becomes a chronic problem.

5. The __________skiers are looking forward to a good night's sleep.

6. The patient showed signs of __________and memory loss.

4. accident / incident

accident - [n, C/U]

1) [C] a crash involving a car, train, plane, or other vehicle; a car / road / traffic accident; to have an accident; a fatal accident (in which smb. Is killed)

The accident was caused by ice on the road.

2) [C] a sudden event that results in damage, injury, or death; a serious / minor accident; a riding / climbing / hunting accident; accident insurance

She broke her leg in a riding accident.

3) [C/U] something that happens unexpectedly and is not planned in advance; by accident; it is no accident (used for saying that something was planned, perhaps for dishonest reasons)

Helen got into acting purely by accident.

It is no accident that every letter we send is delayed.

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incident - [n, C/Uj

1. [C] something that happens, especially smth. Unusual or unpleasant

His bad behavior was just an isolated incident.

2) [C/U] a serious or violent event, such as a crime, an accident or an attack; without incident

There was a shooting incident near here last night.

accident / incident

1. One in seven __________ is caused by sleepy drivers.

2. One particular __________sticks in my mind.

3. Quite by __________she came up with a brilliantly simple solution.

4. Seven men were killed in a serious mining __________ yesterday.

5. Take out __________ insurance before you go on your trip.

6. The demonstration passed off without __________.

7. Their early arrival was just an __________.