V. Discuss this question with your partner.

— Less developed countries have received aid (loans and grants) for decades. However, their economies have not grown. Why do you think this is?

VI. Say what you have learned about:

• Developed and developing countries

• Natural disasters

• Political instability

• Complex issues that hamper economic growth

• Trap of debts

Think and give extensive answers.

Grammar exercises

VII. Translate the sentences. Practise the use of Complex Object (§ 20).

105

1. We know many newly industrialized countries to have weak trade unions. 2. The developing countries want the rich countries to stop imposing tariffs on imports from the Third World. 3. Economists consider land to be the factor of production supplied by nature. 4. As the prices of fuels rise, we expect their production to expand. 5. Some businessmen think trade unions regulations to result in fewer jobs. 6. Higher prices for oil make research laboratories work at substitutes for oil. 7. The command economy does not let an individual make free economic decisions. 8. Increased out put per worker in agriculture lets more workers (be) transferred from agriculture to industry. 9. We saw him sign new contracts. 10. They heard our chief engineer inform our department about new plans.

VIII. Supply the correct forms of the verbs (§11). Translate the sentences.

1. For 40 years after 1945 countries of Eastern Europe (to plan) economy in which market mechanisms (to play) only a small role. 2. When there (to be) a great coffee crop in Brazil, much coffee (to buy) by the government from farms and (to burn). 3. The ideas of Adam Smith (to study) by many generations of economists. 4. Prices (to regulate) production and consumption in a market economy. 5. In future market (to decide) how much to produce. 6. The study of economics (to be) of great use for future specialists. 7. Economic statistics (to study) thoroughly by those who are busy in the policy of decision-making. 8. If we (to allocate) enough resources to agriculture, we (to achieve) a high level of production. 9. Since economists cannot make experiments the information of past years (to be) of practical importance.

At leisure

1. Read the article without a dictionary, try to retell it. Word origin magazine: once a storehouse

The Arabian word makhzan meant storehouse, a plасе where grain and other supplies were kept. Originally books were called magazines since they were «storehouses» of knowledge. But by the 19^th century the

106

word applied only to periodicals. We use magazine in its original sense when we apply it to a repository for military arms, munitions and such.

2. Read and translate the proverbs, think of Russian equivalents, give a situation using them.

• No news is good news.

• First think then speak.

3. A glimpse of Great Britain. Small is beautiful

The Mini was launched in 1959, everyone was surprised by its small size. It was so much smaller than the enormous cars shown in American films! But there was an ‘oil crisis’, and petrol was very expensive. Very few people in Britain could afford a big car like a Cadillac.

The Mini’s designer, Sir Alec Issigonis, knew this all too well.

He had to combine existing technology with new designs. He took a Morris engine and fitted it sideways – giving the Mini its short, wide body, only 3 meters long.

Very soon the Mini became the most popular car in England. It was small but stylish and very urban. It was also classless — whether you were rich or poor, the Mini was for you.