VI. Discuss this question with your partner.

— What everyday problems do you think people face in the planned economy?

VII. Discuss the following with your partner.

You learnt about the free market economy in the last unit.

Can you think of any disadvantages it may have?

With your partner see if you can think of any ideas for these points:

• advertising

• prices

• junk food

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Grammar exercises

VIII. Put questions to the sentences (general and special) (§12). Practise putting questions.

1. There is something interesting to read in this magazine. 2. Our director is waiting for someone now. 3. The sellers have reduced price for some of their goods. 4. Somebody telephoned us half an hour ago. 5. They are going somewhere tonight. 6. Some of our offices have done business with that farm. 7. Somebody else will sign new contracts. 8. Buyers require the goods this month. 9. Their goods are in great demand now. 10. I asked the secretary to make appointments for tomorrow. 11. She has got all the necessary materials for the talks. 12. The film has been on since last week. 13. They spoke to the director of the factory on the phone yesterday.

IX. Supply the correct forms of the verbs (§ 11). Translate the sentences.

1. We shall speed up delivery if the supply of the chemicals (to order) by the buyers.

2. He said if the buyers (to waive) inspection the test (to carry out) in the inspector`s absence in two weeks time.

3. We are sure that if inspection (to waive) we (to receive) the goods long ago.

4. They knew that if the inspector (to release) the machines when he was at the plant they (can) ship the goods ahead of time.

5. If the tests (to complete) they (to notify) us of the results.

6. They assured us if any defect (to detect) during the coming test a detailed investigation (to undertake).

At leisure 1. Read the article without a dictionary, try to retell it.

Word origin Nickname

In days long past, a nick name was an ekename, and eke meant «added», a name «added» to your given name. At that time an ekename was a surname, and even in surname we have the same meaning in the French sur, which means «over» or «above», a name «over» and «above» your first name. Once again a name «added» to those you already have.

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2. Read and translate the proverbs, think of Russian equivalents, give a situation, using them.

• Don’t trouble troubles until trouble troubles you.

• Eat at pleasure, drink with measure.

3. The poem to enjoy. Try to learn it by heart.

November

November days are cold. November days are grey. But every year November brings Our own Thanksgiving day.

Its turkey time again With mince and pumpkin pie. So weather doesn’t bother me Nor grey clouds in the sky.

Unit 6

Pre-text exercises

1. Find the transcription of new words in a dictionary, try to read them fluently: mixture, enterprise, agriculture, primary, manufacture, allow, deregulation, accept, dangerous, guarantee, argue.

2. Word-building Compile and translate: Mix υ. + -ture → Busy a. + -ness → Manufacture v. + -(e)r → Protect υ. + -tion → Danger n. + -ous →

Read the text

The mixed economy

Most economists would say that there are no examples in the world today of a completely free market or a completely controlled economy. Instead, every country operates a mixture of the two systems. Even in

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the freest economies, like the USA, there is some government control; even in the strictest planned economy there are some free enterprises.

Economies mix government control and free market values in different ways. One way is to let privately owned businesses exist alongside state-run industries. The economy becomes divided between the state sector and the private sector. The state sector often includes industries that the government thinks are important and need protection from the risks of the free market. These could include public transport, hospitals, schools and the postal service. The state sector can also include large industries that are important for a country’s economic health, such as oil, steel or agriculture. These are sometimes called primary industries because they provide basic materials to manufacturers.

These state sector industries use money that the government collects in taxes. Often, they do not need to compete with other companies because no other company is allowed to provide the same product or service. However, many countries have recently started a process called deregulation.

Deregulation means freeing up the economy to allow private businesses to compete with state-run industries. The state sector should then run more efficiently in order to compete in the free market and because it now has less government protection.

Deregulation of services like telecommunications, transport and banking has happened in many countries in recent years. People have generally accepted these changes. However, generally the public is less happy when governments start talking about deregulation in education and health services. Many people feel that profit motivation will harm these services rather than improve them.

Another way in which economies today are mixed is that governments put limits on free enterprises. For example, governments may decide to ban trade in certain goods if they are dangerous.

Words:

mixed economy — смешанная primary industry — добывающая

экономика отрасль

enterprise — предприятие to compete — конкурировать

alongside — рядом deregulation —

to let — позволять разгосударствление

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state — государство state-run industry —

protection — защита государственная отрасль

public transport — motivation — мотивация

общественный транспорт to harm — вредить

oil — нефть to ban — запрещать

Post-text exercises

Working on the text