Grammar structure Modal Verbs in Scientific English

1. Read word combinations where the verb 'to be' is a modal verb:

is favored, are speeding, is to produce, are introduced, was to meas­ure, was mixing, was to have expressed, were arranging, were ap­proached, were to subdivide, are calculating, am told, am to value, are defined, are to have been signed;

2. Read word combinations where the verb 'to have' is a modal verb:

has considered, have to obtain, had been suggesting, had to compare, have occurred, have been identified, have to compose, has to represent, has been calculating.

3. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to “Modal Verbs with Perfect Infinitive”

1. This law must have been discovered by some famous scientists.

2. The calculation was to have been done in a precise way.

3. Our teacher may have used quite a different formula in solving this problem.

4. He cannot have forgotten this method of integration.

5. Careful attention must have been paid to the construction of low – power wireless – communications ICs.

4. Make your own sentences using the following word-combinations:

cannot have referred, may have measured; must have obtained, might have done, must have been serving; can’t have expressed.

5. Translate the following from English into Ukrainian:

1. The moment of the resultant of any number of coplanar couples is assumed to be equal to the algebraic sum of the moments of the component couples. 2. To begin with, we must give the definition of what applied me­chanics is. 3. To study applied mechanics one should know mathemat­ics. 4. The system to be defined is a very complicated one. 5. Two parallel forces are known to constitute a couple if they are equal in amount and opposite in direction. 6. The length of the vector appears to represent the magnitude of the couple to some scale. 7. The direction of the vector is said to show the direction of its plane and rotation.

Scientific communication

1. Read the text and give a suitable title for it. Make a short written summary.

A cellular mobile communications system uses a large number of low-power wireless transmitters to create cells-the basic geographic service area of a wireless communications system. Variable power levels allow cells to be sized according to the subscriber density and demand within a particular region. As mobile users travel from cell to cell, their conversations are "handed off between cells in order to maintain seamless service. Channels (frequencies) used in one cell can be reused in another cell some distance away. Cells can be added to accommodate growth, creating new cells in unserved areas or overlaying cells in existing areas.

Each mobile uses a separate, temporary radio channel to talk to the cell site. The cell site talks to many mobiles at once, using one channel per mobile. Channels use a pair of frequencies for communication—one frequency, the forward link, for transmitting from the cell site, and one frequency, the reverse link, for the cell site to receive calls from the users. Radio energy dissipates over distance, so mobiles must stay near the base station to maintain communications. The basic structure of mobile networks include telephone systems and radio services. Where mobile radio service operates in a closed network and has no access to the telephone system, mobile telephone service allows interconnection to the telephone network.