1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words. Translate them into Ukrainian:

assembler, gear, micromachining, microscopic, implantable, injectable, spawn, photolithographic, quantum, ultraviolet, illuminate, giant, stain, anticipate, computational, eliminate.

2. Memorize the following words and word combinations:

renowned – відомий, славетний

microscopic – мікроскопічний

etching technique – метод травлення

gear – шестерня

lever – важель

rotor – ротор

pump – насос

photolithographic etching processes – фотомеханічні процеси травлення

atomic force microscope (ATF) – атомний силовий мікроскоп

thin-film layer – тонко плівковий шар

magnetoresistive (GMR) materials – магніто стійкі матеріали

3. Read and translate the text: Chips and Nanotechnology

(continuation)

With the integrated circuit growing smaller and smaller over the last decades, one might wonder, can they get any tinier? Engineers working in the field of nanotechnology believe they can and will. Nanotechnology refers to any new technology-a transistor, a tiny machine, a chemical-that is put together atom-by-atom or molecule-by-molecule. It usually also refers to the size of these technologies, which is defined as being 100 nanometers or less. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. By comparison, today the smallest transistors on an IС are about 200 nanometers in size.

Renowned physicist Richard Feynman introduced the basic idea for nanotechnology in a 1959 speech called "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom." Feynman predicted that tiny assembly machines made from a few molecules of matter could be built, and that these assemblers would be used to make other microscopic products. The result would be a system of production that would revolutionize the way things are made.

In the 1990s "micromachining" emerged as one of the first practical approaches to creating nanotechnologies. Using etching techniques pioneered in the field of integrated circuits, engineers began building microscopic machines with tiny gears, levers, and rotors. While most of these were simply demonstrations that such things could be built, engineers believed that these machines would soon be used in practical systems, such as microscopic, implantable, or injectable pumps to deliver drugs inside the body. Because of its relatively large scale, not everyone today agrees micromachining should still be part of the nanotechnology field, but it did spawn the important field of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMs). MEMs are currently used with integrated circuits, where tiny machines are combined with electronics on a silicon chip.

The connection between nanotechnology and electronics grew stronger when chip designers began to approach the limits of the miniaturization by conventional techniques. "Moore's Law" predicted that the size of features on integrated circuits would shrink dramatically over time and, in fact, transistors and other chip components shrank rapidly over the next four decades. But the photolithographic etching processes used to make transistors on an IС impose physical limits on the size of the transistors.

Many engineers and scientists are currently working on new, nanotechnological solutions to this problem, using tools such as the atomic force microscope (ATF) to build functional transistors from just a few atoms. They hope to find ways to build entire integrated circuits "from the bottom up," by assembling them from atoms, rather than using today's "top down" methods. Recently, nanoscale transistors have been demonstrated using materials called nanotubes, which are custommade variations on a complex carbon molecule called a buckyball.

If nanotechnology is the wave of the future, what is it doing for us today? Chemists have introduced new materials such as improved plastics that are stronger and better than earlier types of plastics. Another exciting area of progress is in quantum dots, which are microscopic crystals of semiconducting material that emit light when they are exposed to strong ultraviolet light. These dots can be used to detect cancer cells, and may soon be used to illuminate living species.

In electronics, nanotechnology is making an impact in cell phone and computer displays, where organic LEDs (OLEDs) are in production utilizing nano-engineered thin-film layers. Most computer hard discs are also made using a combination of a nano-engineered recording medium and a sensitive type of recording head made of giant magnetoresistive (GMR) materials. Filters using nanoparticles are capable of removing bacteria and viruses from drinking water in addition to larger particles. If nothing else, nanotechnology has helped us cut down on our dry cleaning bill: In 2003 the clothing store The Gap began selling trousers impregnated with a new stain resistant chemical developed through nano-engineering.

Other researchers are focusing their efforts on studying the way nanotechnologies will work, because at the nano-scale, the normal rules about the behavior of electrons, photons, and matter have to be thrown out. In fact, computer designers anticipate that future computers based on nanotechnology may eliminate transistors altogether. Another line of research is aimed at using DNA-the same material our bodies use to store genetic information.

This would require the construction of custom DNA molecules and a way to get information in and out of the "computer" which might take the form of a flask of millions of molecules, suspended in a liquid. Nanotechnology is so new, and so little understood, that it is difficult to predict how it will develop. Many engineers, however, believe that it holds the key to the next generation of electronic devices, which will demand faster computational speeds and pack more components into smaller spaces than it has been possible before.