1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words. Translate them into Ukrainian:

engine, thermostat, virtually, increasingly, burner, permanently, microprocessors, oxide, browser, buffer, circuit, molecule, exciting, entirely, capacitor, reside.

2. Memorize the following words and word combinations:

X-ray machine – рентгенівська установка

power supplies – живлення

the spinning of hard drives – порт жорстких дисків

burner – програматор

to store information – зберігати інформацію

permanently - постійно

metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) – метало-оксидний напівпроводник

to reside – знаходитись

register unit – блок регістра

buffer – буфер

energy efficient – енергоживлення

microcontroller – мікроконтролер

to shrink the size – зменшити розмір

to predict – пророкувати

3. Read and translate the text: Chips and Nanotechnology

Integrated circuits (ICs) seem to be nearly everywhere-they're in places such as your car's engine and your car's radio, telephones, iPods, and home thermostats; they’re in virtually all the technologies you interact with every day from ATMs to X-ray machines. And, of course, they're in computers. Computers were one of the first places where ICs took hold, and they remain among the most recognizable technologies equipped with ICs.

Despite their increasingly small size, computers are extremely complicated technological systems. Inside a computer there are a whole range of different chips that do everything from regulating power supplies and internal temperatures, to running sound and video systems, to controlling the spinning of hard drives and DVD burners. The most familiar chips are memory chips and microprocessors.

Memory chips store information, such as programs and data. The "main" memory dips that you see advertised are usually for storage of program data. These chips lose their data when power to the computer is turned off. Other memory chips store data permanently or until you change it, and there is some memory butt into microprocessors and other types of chips.

Inside a typical main memory chip is tens of thousands or even millions of transistors-often in the form of a transistor called the metal oxide semiconductor or MOS, a device that was invented by Dawon Kahng and M.M.Attala. MOS transistors store information by switching on or off. In every computer, every piece of data is translated into a binary "code" of Os and 1s. A program like a web browser that deals with large amounts of text, displays pictures, accepts input from the user, and communicates with other computers needs millions of transistors to store all the coded information that passes through.

The microprocessor is another famous chip that resides in every computer. Unlike a memory chip, the microprocessor has many different functions, all carried out on one chip. Early computers had separate units (sometimes housed in different cabinets) for their mathematical and logic units, synchronization circuits or "clocks," register units where various logic operations take place, buffers where data is held, circuits to accept data from the outside world, and so on. To make computers smaller, more energy efficient, and to move data around inside them more quickly, engineers began "integrating" those separate units onto one or more chips, then integrating those chips into a single "microprocessor," or, in cases where engineers wanted to put a tiny computer into an industrial machine, a "microcontroller." Gary Boone and others at Texas Instruments, and Federico Faggin, Stanley Mazor, Tedd Hoff and others at Intel Corporation developed the first microprocessors and microcontrollers.

A chip is more than just a home for transistors. It also contains other elements needed to make a circuit, such as resistors, capacitors, and interconnecting conductors. But the usual way of comparing chips is to discuss the number of transistors on them. The first integrated circuits invented in 1958 had just a few transistors. The latest microprocessors have over 50 million.

Intel executive Gordon Moore was the first to observe this growth and the increase in numbers. He wrote a paper for Electronics entitled "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits". In the paper Moore observed that "The complexity for minimum component cost has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two per year". This observation became known as Moore's law, the number of components per IC double every year. Moore's law was later amended to, the number of components per IC doubles every 18-24 months. Moore's law holds to this day. In 2000 the Pentium 4 had an integer unit running at twice the processor speed. The Pentium 4 was manufactured in a silicon gate CMOS process with 0.18 µm linewidths, required 21 mask layers and had 1 polysilicon layer and 6 metal layers, the Pentium 4 had 42 million transistors, a 1,400 to 1,500MHz clock speed and a 224mm² die size.

To pack so many transistors and circuit elements onto one chip engineers have had to shrink the size of the parts. These smaller parts are, in fact, one of the major reasons for innovation in the integrated circuit field. The transistors that were about a centimeter wide in 1959 are now less than 200 billionths of a meter wide. That is so small that engineers are already predicting that the next generation of chips will have to be constructed in entirely new ways, perhaps assembled from individual molecules. This exciting new field is called "nanotechnology," and it may open up entirely new directions for electronics in the 21st century.