The Past Perfect Tense.

Грамматическое время Past Perfect показывает, что действие завершилось к определённому моменту в прошлом. Этот момент может быть обозначен обстоятельством времени (by the end of the last week, by 6 о’clock) или другим прошедшим действием (when we came, before she left).

Past Perfect подчеркивает предшествование одного из действий другому действию или моменту в прошлом. При этом более раннее действие выражается с помощью Past Perfect, а более позднее – с помощью Past Simple.

Например:

* When I came, the guests had already left. – Когда я пришел, гости уже ушли.

(гости ушли раньше, чем я пришел)

* We had finished the work by 5 o’ clock yesterday. – Вчера мы закончили работу

к пяти часам.

* She was upset because Andrew hadn’t telephoned. – Она была расстроена, потому

что Эндрю не позвонил.

I / we / you / they / he / she / it

had had not (hadn’t)

been gone seen finished

Had

I / we / you / they / he / she / it

been ? gone? seen? finished ?

Yes, I had. No, they hadn’t.

Как видно из таблицы, Past Perfect образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола have (в форме прошедшего времени) и формы Past Participle смыслового глагола ( 3-я колонка в таблице неправильных глаголов или, если глагол правильный, добавляется окончание –ed к инфинитиву: worked, arrived etc.). Формы: been, gone, seen, finished это формы Past Participle.

Exercise 1. Make questions and negative sentences in Past Perfect.

Example: They had searched every room in the house by that time.

They hadn’t searched every room in the house by that time.

Had they searched every room in the house by that time?

1. He had worked in France and Germany before he came to live in America.

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2. The lesson had already started when we arrived.

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3. They had already gone to bed.

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4. I had seen her before somewhere, I knew it for sure.

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5. Angela had forgotten to tell people about the meeting. So nobody came.

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6. She had written to her boyfriend twice before he wrote back.

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Exercise 2. Match the ends of the sentences - (В) with the beginnings - (А); use Past Perfect

for the verbs in brackets.

(А) 1. She couldn’t afford the dress because….

2. By the time George retired ....

3. Hilda and Jerry bought a new car ….

4. Kate needed some advice ….

5. When Grandma died, nobody knew that …

6. Mary took a short walk round the park …

7. Paul decided that he liked the first pair of shoes best ….

8. We didn’t want to have a rest ….

(B) (a) … with the money they (win) in a competition.

b) … because she (never / invest) money before.

c) … after he (try on) at least six pairs.

d) … she (spend) all her money on presents for her family.

e) … until we (paint) the kitchen and bathroom.

f) … she (save) thousands of pounds in a box.

g) … he (earn) enough money to buy a holiday home.

h) … after she (do) all the shopping.