The Passive Voice.

Страдательный залог.

В английском языке действия могут быть выражены с помощью как активного залога (Active Voice) так и страдательного (пассивного) залога (Passive Voice).

В активном залоге подлежащее само совершает действие :

* Аlexander Bell invented the telephone. – А.Белл изобрёл телефон.

В пассивном залоге действие совершается над подлежащим :

* The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell. – Телефон был изобретён А. Беллом.

Passive Voice используется, когда мы не хотим или не можем сказать, кто совершил действие, обращаем особое внимание на само событие или избегаем использования формального подлежащего.

Например:

* The window was broken last night – Окно было разбито прошлой ночью.

* Rome wasn’t built in one day. – Рим был построен не за один день.

* Shoes are repaired here. - Обувь ремонтируется здесь.

Заметьте, что при переводе из активного залога в пассивный дополнение активного предложения (the telephone - в нашем случае) становиться подлежащим, ставиться на первое место и испытывает на себе некое воздействие. Это изменение направленности действия и показывается с помощью пассивной формы глагола.

Например:

* Somebody cleans the office every day. (Active Voice)

* The office is cleaned every day. (Passive Voice)

В случае, если мы хотим показать кем или чем совершается действие, выраженное пассивным залогом, используются предлоги by и with.

BY - используется для обозначения кем или чем совершается действие:

* The building was designed by Rossi.

* He was brought up by his aunt.

- а также после следующих глаголов: damage, destroy, control, make, discover, write,

compose, wake up, break, и т. д.

* The window was broken by this stone.

* The bridge was destroyed by the fire.

WITH - используется, чтобы указать на предмет, орудие или инструмент, с помощью

которого совершается действие.

* He was killed with a knife.

* It was drawn with a stick on the sand.

* The bag was cut with a razor.

Общая формула пассивного залога.

to be + III форма глагола

/ \

( изменяется по временам и ( к правильным глаголам добавляется -ed,

числам) у неправильных используется 3-я форма

глагола – страдательное причастие II )

Для большинства времён активного залога существуют соответствующие формы пассивного залога, которые употребляются в таких же временных ситуациях с использованием характерных наречий и предлогов.

Изучите таблицы и примеры:

Present Simple Passive
I am taken He is taken She is taken It is taken We are taken You are taken They are taken always, sometimes, every day, occasionally, never, etc.	I am not taken He is not taken She is not taken It is not taken We are not taken You are not taken They are not taken	Am I taken ? Is he taken ? Is she taken ? Is it taken ? Are we taken ? Are you taken ? Are they taken ?

* (Active) They record about 100 songs at this studio every week. ->

(Passive) About 100 songs are recorded at this studio every week.

Каждую неделю на этой студии записывается около сотни песен.

Past Simple Passive
I was taken He was taken She was taken It was taken We were taken You were taken They were taken yesterday, last week, in 2004, 5 days ago, etc.	I was not taken He was not taken She was not taken It was not taken We were not taken You were not taken They were not taken	Was I taken ? Was he taken ? Was she taken ? Was it taken ? Were we taken ? Were you taken ? Were they taken ?

* (Active) They recorded about 100 000 songs at this studio last year. ->

(Passive) About 100 000 songs were recorded at this studio last year.

В прошлом году на этой студии было записано около тысячи песен.

Future Simple Passive
I will be taken He will be taken She will be taken It will be taken We will be taken You will be taken They will be taken tomorrow, next month, in a few days, right now, etc.	I will not be taken He will not be taken She will not be taken It will not be taken We will not be taken You will not be taken They will not be taken	Will I be taken ? Will he be taken ? Will she be taken ? Will it be taken ? Will we be taken ? Will you be taken ? Will they be taken ?

* (Active) They will record his new song at this studio tomorrow. ->

(Passive) His new song will be recorded at this studio tomorrow.

Его новая песня будет записана на этой студии завтра.

Present Continuous Passive
I am being taken He is being taken She is being taken It is being taken We are being taken You are being taken They are being taken now, at the moment, etc.	I am not being taken He is not being taken She is not being taken It is not being taken We are not being taken You are not being taken They are not being taken	Am I being taken ? Is he being taken ? Is she being taken ? Is it being taken ? Are we being taken ? Are you being taken ? Are they being taken ?

* (Active) They are recording his new song now. ->

(Passive) His new song is being recorded now.

Его новая песня сейчас записывается.

Past Continuous Passive
I was being taken He was being taken She was being taken It was being taken We were being taken You were being taken They were being taken at 7 o’clock yesterday, from 6 to 8 yesterday evening, the whole day yesterday, when you phoned, etc.	I was not being taken He was not being taken She was not being taken It was not being taken We were not being taken You were not being taken They were not being taken	Was I being taken ? Was he being taken ? Was she being taken ? Was it being taken ? Were we being taken ? Were you being taken ? Were they being taken ?

* (Active) They were recording his new song the whole day yesterday. ->

(Passive) His new song was being recorded the whole day yesterday.

Его новую песню записывали вчера весь день

Present Perfect Passive
I have been taken He has been taken She has been taken It has been taken We have been taken You have been taken They have been taken Just, already, yet, ever, never, since…, for…, today, this week, etc.	I have not been taken He has not been taken She has not been taken It has not been taken We have not been taken You have not been taken They have not been taken	Have I been taken ? Has he been taken ? Has she been taken ? Has it been taken ? Have we been taken ? Have you been taken ? Have they been taken ?

* (Active) They have already recorded 100 songs at this studio this week. ->

(Passive) 100 songs have already been recorded at this studio this week.

На этой неделе на этой студии записано уже сто песен.

Past Perfect Passive
I had been taken He had been taken She had been taken It had been taken We had been taken You had been taken They had been taken By the end of the last week By 6 o’clock yesterday By the time smth happened When she called Before they left	I had not been taken He had not been taken She had not been taken It had not been taken We had not been taken You had not been taken They had not been taken	Had I been taken ? Had he been taken ? Had she been taken ? Had it been taken ? Had we been taken ? Had you been taken ? Had they been taken ?

* (Active) They had recorded two songs by the time she arrived. ->

(Passive) Two songs had been recorded by the time she arrived.

К тому времени как она приехала было записано уже две песни.

Future Perfect Passive
I will have been taken He will have been taken She will have been taken It will have been taken We will have been taken You will have been taken They will have been taken By the end of next week By 6 o’clock tomorrow By the time smth happens When she calls Before they leave	I will not have been taken He will not have been taken She will not have been taken It will not have been taken We will not have been taken You will not have been taken They will not have been taken	Will I have been taken ? Will he have been taken ? Will she have been taken ? Will it have been taken ? Will we have been taken ? Will you have been taken ? Will they have been taken ?

* (Active) They will have recorded a new song by the end of this week, I hope. ->

(Passive) A new song will have been recorded by the end of this week, I hope.

Надеюсь, новая песня будет записана к концу этой недели.

Такие времена как Future Continuous и группа времён Perfect Continuous не имеют пассивного залога. Вместо Future Continuous Passive используется Future Simple Passive. Вместо времён Perfect Continuous Passive - группа времён Perfect: Present Perfect Passive, Past Perfect Passive, Future Perfect Passive

Сравните:
Active Voice	Passive Voice
I answer - я отвечаю I answered - я отвечал I will answer - я буду отвечать	I am answered - мне отвечают I was answered - мне отвечали I will be answered - мне ответят

Exercise 1. Change the following Active sentences into Passive.

Example: I tell. - I am told.

I told. – I was told.

I will tell. - I will be told.

1. He showed. ____________________________________________________

2. She will bring. ____________________________________________________

3. I give. ____________________________________________________

4. We sent. ____________________________________________________

5. They will help. ____________________________________________________

6. You advised. ____________________________________________________

7. She invites. ____________________________________________________

8. He remembered. ____________________________________________________

9. You will forget. ____________________________________________________

10. We called. ____________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Translate into English using Present, Past or Future Simple Passive.

1. Мне рассказали - мне рассказывают - мне расскажут.

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Мне показали - мне показывают - мне покажут.

___________________________________________________________________________

3. Её привели - её приводят - её приведут.

___________________________________________________________________________

4. Нас спросили - нас спрашивают - нас спросят.

___________________________________________________________________________

5. Нам ответили - нам отвечают - нам ответят.

___________________________________________________________________________

6. Это послали - это посылают - это пошлют.

___________________________________________________________________________

7. Им дали - им дают - им дадут.

___________________________________________________________________________

8. Ему помогли - ему помогают - ему помогут.

___________________________________________________________________________

9. Ему посоветовали - ему советуют - ему посоветуют.

___________________________________________________________________________

10. Его забыли - его забывают - его забудут.

__________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 3. Make sentences using the words in brackets. Use Present Simple Passive for the

sentences in (А); Past Simple Passive – for the sentences in (B) and Future

Simple Passive – for (C) .

(А) 1. (the office / clean / every day) – The office is cleaned every day.

2. (these rooms / clean / every day?) __________________________________

3. (glass / make / from sand) __________________________________

4. (stamps / sell / in a post office) __________________________________

5. (this room / not / use / very often) __________________________________

6. (we / allow / to park here?) __________________________________

7. (how / this word / pronounce?) __________________________________

(В) 1. (the office /not clean / yesterday) - The office was not cleaned yesterday.

2. (the house / paint / last month) ________________________________

3. (three people / injure / in the accident) ________________________________

4. (my bicycle / steal / a few days ago) ________________________________

5. (when / this bridge / build?) ________________________________

6. (you / invite / to the party last week?) ________________________________

7. (how / these windows / break?) ________________________________

8. (I / not / wake up / by the noise) ________________________________

(С) 1. (the office / clean / tomorrow?) - Will the office be cleaned tomorrow?

2. (this text / translate / next time) ______________________________

3. (the work / not finish / in two days) ______________________________

4. (we / invite / to a concert / next Saturday) ______________________________

5. (his book / finish / in April?) ______________________________

6. (the fax / not send / until tomorrow) ______________________________

7. (your luggage / bring / to your room) ______________________________

8. (when / my bicycle / repair?) ______________________________

Exercise 4. Make up sentences using the words in brackets. Use Present Continuous

Passive for the sentences in (А); Past Continuous Passive –

for the sentences in (B).

(A) 1. (the office / clean / now) – The office is being cleaned now.

2. (these rooms / clean / now?) __________________________________

3. (the house / repair / at the moment) __________________________________

4. (Mr. Lee / interview / in his office) __________________________________

5. (this telephone / not use / now) __________________________________

6. (where / the film / show?) __________________________________

7. (the bridge / not build / because of __________________________________

the awful weather ) __________________________________

(B) 1. (the program / broadcast / at 7.30 - The program was being broadcasted at

yesterday) 7.30 yesterday.

2. (the dinner / cook / when they came?) __________________________________

3. (the TV /not watch / because __________________________________

everybody went to sleep) __________________________________

4. (why / the new project / __________________________________

discuss / so late last night?) __________________________________

5. (the animals / feed / when I arrived) __________________________________

6. (the conference / not / open / at 10 p.m.) __________________________________

7. (a new program / develop / in this __________________________________

center / from 2004 to 2008) __________________________________

Exercise 5. Make up sentences using the words in brackets. Use Present Perfect Passive for

the sentences in (А); Past Perfect Passive – for the sentences in (B) and Future

Perfect Passive – in (C).

(A) 1. (the office /not clean / yet) - The office has not been cleaned yet.

2. (how many / people / injure / _________________________________

in this accident?) _________________________________

3. (my bicycle / steal / this week) _________________________________

4. (this bridge / build / for years now) _________________________________

5. (you / already / invite / to the party?) _________________________________

6. (these windows / break / by the storm?) _________________________________

(B) 1. (all the trees / plant / by the end - All the trees had been planted by the end

of the week) of the week.

2. (this bridge / build / by 1936?) _________________________________

3. (the truck / not unload / by 4 o’clock) _________________________________

4. (the rules / explain / before the game _________________________________

started) _________________________________

5. (the picture / already / steal / _________________________________

when you came home yesterday?) _________________________________

6. (the film / not advertise / before they _________________________________

showed it on TV) _________________________________

(С) 1. (the office / clean / by tomorrow - Will the office have been cleaned

morning?) by tomorrow morning?

2. (this text / translate / before the _________________________________

teacher comes) _________________________________

3. (the work / not finish / by the time _________________________________

the shop opens) _________________________________

4. (his book / finish / by the end of April?) _________________________________

5. (your luggage / bring / to your room / _________________________________

by 6 o’clock ) _________________________________

6. (my bicycle / not repair / by weekend?) _________________________________