ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО РЫБОЛОВСТВУ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

“МУРМАНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ”

Кафедра

иностранных языков

МОЯ БУДУЩАЯ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЬ –

ЭКОЛОГИЯ

Методические указания

по развитию навыков устной речи

для студентов младших курсов

специальности 020800.62

"Экология и природопользование"

Мурманск

2009

УДК

ББК

Составитель –

Анна Владимировна Малаева, ст. преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков Мурманского государственного технического университета

Методические указания рассмотрены и одобрены кафедрой, протокол 

№ 9 от 22 мая 2009года.

Рецензент –

И. В.Смирнова, доцент кафедры иностранных языков Мурманского государственного технического университета

Редактор Г.В. Зобнина

© Мурманский государственный технический университет, 2009

Оглавление

Введение 5

Введение

Целью методических указаний является развитие навыков говорения по теме «Моя будущая специальность». Методические указания построены на аутентичных англоязычных научно-популярных текстах. Предтекстовые упражнения знакомят студентов с новыми словами и терминами, встречающимися в текстах, активизируют знакомую студентам лексику, готовят к обсуждению проблем, изложенных в текстах. Послетекстовые упражнения направлены на контроль понимания содержания текстов, закрепления новых лексических единиц.

В методических указаниях представлены упражнения, развивающие навыки письменной речи, а также упражнения, стимулирующие высказывания студентами собственного мнения и его аргументацию.

В результате изучения данных методических указаний студенты должны пополнить свой лексический запас за счёт новых слов и терминов, связанных с их будущей специальностью, научиться обсуждать специфику профессиональных вопросов.

Unit 1. The Concept of Biosphere

1. Discuss these questions with your partner.

• What different forms of life exist on Earth?

• What effect do human beings have on the planet?

• How do you see the future of our planet?

• Suggest some measures to improve it.

2. Complete the definitions below with words from the box.

coin extinct inhabit approximately predict

evolve impact layer permanent

1. To ………………… means to live in a particular place.

2. A(n) ……………. animal or plant no longer exists.

3. To ………………………. means to change physically over a long period of time.

4. A(n) …………………. is an effect.

5. To …………………. a term means to use a word or phrase that no one has used before.

6. A(n) ………….. is a covering.

7. means lasting forever.

8. means not exactly.

9. Scientists often global change will destroy our Earth.

3. Skim the text. The biosphere

The biosphere is the layer of the Earth in which all life exists. The term biosphere was coined in 1875 by the geologist, Eduard Suess, but it was Vladimir Vernadsky who recognised its ecological importance in 1929. He believed that all living organisms together with their environments make up the biosphere. These environments include the air (the atmosphere), bind (the geosphere), rocks (the lithosphere) and water (the hydrosphere). The exact thickness of the biosphere on Earth is difficult to calculate, but most scientists would agree that it is from about 5000 metres above sea level to around 9000 metres below sea level. Thus, there is a 14-kilometre zone within which life exists.

The biosphere is important because it is all of life. Without the biosphere, Earth would be a lifeless planet like all the others in our solar system. Also, the biosphere could not exist without water. Water is essential for all living organisms on Earth and has played a very important role in the evolution of life on our planet. Life on Earth began approximately 3.5 billion years ago in the oceans. At that time, Earth was very different from what it is today.

The earliest forms of life were very simple organisms similar to modern bacteria. Over millions of years, more complex organisms evolved and in time, many different forms of life began to inhabit the land, the sky and the oceans. They all depended on each other to survive. The biosphere is like a ladder. This ladder is known as the food chain, and all life depends on the first step of the ladder which is made up of plants. Animals eat the plants; bigger animals eat the smaller animals, and so on. In this way, all organisms are closely connected to their environment.

The biosphere is what keeps us alive. It gives us our food, water and the air that we breathe. Everything we need in order to grow and survive comes directly from the biosphere, so it is important to protect it; however, humans have not always done that. Humans have had a huge impact on the biosphere. Sometimes this has been good, but at other times it has been very destructive. The growing human population on Earth means there is less room for other species and by destroying their habitats we have made many types of plants and animals extinct.

As scientists learn more about our world, they can help us to understand the biosphere, how it evolved, and even try to predict how the biosphere will respond to global change and human activities. Scientists are very concerned about the future, particularly how people will affect the environment in harmful ways. It is very important to try to prevent any permanent damage, or we will destroy ourselves.