- •Н.І. Романишин контрастивна стилістика англійської та української мов конспект лекцій
- •Content
- •Lecture No 1. General notes on style and stylistics
- •Stylistics as a brunch of linguistics, its object, subject matter and main tasks of investigations
- •The main categories of stylistics
- •The notion of norm
- •The notion of image
- •На марах сонце понесли
- •The grasshopper and the cricket
- •The notion of stylistic function
- •Я смакую її хиби, дефекти тіла, маленьку душу, безсилий розум (м. Коцюбинський).
- •The notion of connotation and denotation
- •3. Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •4. Methods of stylistic analysis
- •Conclusions
- •1. General notes
- •Дылда – большой, грубый, медлительный
- •2. Phonetic means of stylistics
- •"Silver bells... How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle" and further
- •Alliteration
- •Assonance Assonance is a stylistically motivated repetition of stressed vowels. The repeated sounds stand close together to create a euphonious effect and rhyme.
- •3. Rhyme
- •The sunlight on the garden
- •4. Rhythm
- •While boyish blood is mantling, who can ‘scape
- •5. Graphical expressive means and stylistic devices
- •1. Stylistic resources of English and Ukrainian Word-building
- •Conclusion
- •2. Morphological Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •3. The Noun
- •3.1. Transposition of lexico-grammatical classes of nouns as stylistic device
- •3.2. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of the category of number
- •3.3. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of the category of case
- •3.4. Stylistic potential of the category of gender.
- •4. The Article. Stylistic functions of English articles
- •5. The Adjective. Degrees of comparison of adjectives as stylistic device
- •6. The pronoun. Stylistic functions of pronoun
- •7. The Verb.
- •7.1. Stylistic resources of tense and aspect in English and Ukrainian
- •7.2. Stylistic potential of the category of mood
- •Conclusion
- •1. Word and its meaning from stylistic point of view
- •Music to hear, why hear’st thou music sadly?
- •2. Stylistic classification of English and Ukrainian vocabulary
- •3. Special literary vocabulary
- •3.1. Terms
- •3.2. Poetic words
- •Прекрасний Києве на предковічних горах!
- •3.3. Archaic, obsolete and historic words
- •3.4. Barbarisms and foreignisms
- •Все упованіє моє
- •О, як було нам весело, як весело!
- •3.5. Neologisms
- •4. Special colloquial vocabulary
- •4.1. Slang, jargonisms, vernacular and vulgarisms
- •All those medical bastards should go through the ops they put other people through. Then they wouldn’t talk so much bloody nonsense or be so damnably smug (d. Cusack).
- •4.2. Professionalisms and dialect words
- •5. Stylistically coloured words and context
- •Conclusion
- •Lexico-semantic expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •1.2. Figures of substitution
- •1.2.1. Figures of quality
- •1.2.2. Figures of quantity
- •2. Lexico-syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices. Figures of combination
- •2.1. Figures of identity
- •2.2. Figures of contrast
- •2.3. Figures of inequality
- •Conclusion
- •1. General considerations
- •2. Syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices
- •2.1. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the reduction of sentence model
- •2.2. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the extension of sentence model
- •2.3. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the change of word order
- •Inversion
- •2.4. Syntactic stylistic devices based on special types of formal and semantic correlation of syntactic constructions within a text
- •2.5. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the transposition of sentence meaning
- •Conclusion
- •List of recomended literature
- •Контрастивна стилістика англійської та української мов конспект лекцій
3. Expressive means and stylistic devices
Expressive means of language are those phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms which exist in language-as-a-system for the purpose of logical and/or emotional intensification of the utterance. Expressive means are concrete facts of the language by which utterances are foregrounded, i.e. made more conspicuous, more effective. Expressive means are such language media which impart some additional information into the utterance and are traditionaly set against conventionally neutral.
To understand the nature of expressive means it is first of all necessary to elucidate the notion 'expressiveness'. The category of expressiveness may be understood as a kind of intensification of an utterance or of a part of it .
Expressiveness is achieved by lexical and syntactical means or by morphological devices (such as suffixes or prefixes); the emphasis is materialized by the repetition of a word or word combination.
Expressive means have a kind of radiant effect, they colour the whole utterance no matter whether they are emotional or logical.
What then is a stylistic device? According to I. R. Galperin stylistic device is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit (neutral or expressive) promoted to a generalized status and thus becoming a generative model. It follows then that a stylistic device is an abstract pattern, a mould into which any content can be poured. But the cited above definition of stylistic devices is contested by other prominent style theoretician I. Arnold who stated that the intentionality cannot be regarded as a main differentiating feature of stylistic device because we have no reliable information whether a certain device has been used intentionally or unintentionally by the author of the text.
Language media that are characterized by the transference, transformation, enrichment of meaning resulting in imagery are united in stylistics under the term tropes.
The Greek word tropos meant a turn of speech, utterance, pattern, form and perfection and further on it was treated as a useful change of the word meaning into more perfect one. At the beginning the notion “trope” comprised all stylistic means but later on they were divided into tropes proper and figures of speech by Cicero. Beginning from Aristotle the classical rhetoric strived to elaborate the clear and complete classification of tropes and figures of speech but even nowadays this classification remains the most controversial stylistic issue.
Tropes are such figurative usage of word as metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, litotes, irony, periphrasis, etc. Figures of speech are such syntactic structures as inversion, rhetoric question, parallel constructions, contrast, etc.
4. Methods of stylistic analysis
Within the domain of stylistics different general scientific and special methods of investigation are employed. To the most frequently applied special stylistic methods that aim at profound study of all stylistic phenomena belong:
Semantic-stylistic analysis. Semantico-stylistic analysis is aimed at the defining of stylistic functions of separate language units. With the help of semantico-stylistic analysis the specific correlation between the function of the language unit and its semantic properties is studied. The application of the semantico-stylistic analysis made it possible to identify and describe stylistic resources, of different languages, expressive means on all language levels and to characterize main functional styles.
Comparative method. Comparative method focuses on the study of language units that perform different stylistic function (e. g. homonyms or synonyms). The stylistic effect created by a certain language unit can be revealed only in comparison with other units which are more expressive or on the contrary neutral. This method is one of the most important in stylistics and constitutes the core of semantic stylistic analysis. With the help of this method the language units that are the most effective and appropriate in a certain type of communication are defined. Comparative method makes it possible to answer the question why and under what conditions this or that language unit has acquired a certain stylistic meaning and to comprehend its semantic appropriateness and aesthetic effectiveness in a certain context.
Method of stylistic experiment. In the process of stylistic experiment the existing in the text language elements are purposely substituted by new ones with the aim to approve their stylistic properties and to penetrate into the basic aesthetic and artistic idea of the authentic text.
Quantitative method. Quantitative method makes it possible to calculate the number of functions performed by a language unit, to register all language units with the identical stylistic properties or to obtain a reliable data about the frequency of the phenomenon under consideration.
Statistic method. The task of statistic method is to identify and describe language means that are characteristic for a given functional style and to work out a set of statistic parameters of the main functional styles and their subtypes. It helps to single out in the texts of the same functional style lexical, syntactic, phonetic, morphological features, to calculate the frequency of usage of different language media and categories, to analyze the interrelations and interdependences between them.