- •Н.І. Романишин контрастивна стилістика англійської та української мов конспект лекцій
- •Content
- •Lecture No 1. General notes on style and stylistics
- •Stylistics as a brunch of linguistics, its object, subject matter and main tasks of investigations
- •The main categories of stylistics
- •The notion of norm
- •The notion of image
- •На марах сонце понесли
- •The grasshopper and the cricket
- •The notion of stylistic function
- •Я смакую її хиби, дефекти тіла, маленьку душу, безсилий розум (м. Коцюбинський).
- •The notion of connotation and denotation
- •3. Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •4. Methods of stylistic analysis
- •Conclusions
- •1. General notes
- •Дылда – большой, грубый, медлительный
- •2. Phonetic means of stylistics
- •"Silver bells... How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle" and further
- •Alliteration
- •Assonance Assonance is a stylistically motivated repetition of stressed vowels. The repeated sounds stand close together to create a euphonious effect and rhyme.
- •3. Rhyme
- •The sunlight on the garden
- •4. Rhythm
- •While boyish blood is mantling, who can ‘scape
- •5. Graphical expressive means and stylistic devices
- •1. Stylistic resources of English and Ukrainian Word-building
- •Conclusion
- •2. Morphological Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •3. The Noun
- •3.1. Transposition of lexico-grammatical classes of nouns as stylistic device
- •3.2. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of the category of number
- •3.3. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of the category of case
- •3.4. Stylistic potential of the category of gender.
- •4. The Article. Stylistic functions of English articles
- •5. The Adjective. Degrees of comparison of adjectives as stylistic device
- •6. The pronoun. Stylistic functions of pronoun
- •7. The Verb.
- •7.1. Stylistic resources of tense and aspect in English and Ukrainian
- •7.2. Stylistic potential of the category of mood
- •Conclusion
- •1. Word and its meaning from stylistic point of view
- •Music to hear, why hear’st thou music sadly?
- •2. Stylistic classification of English and Ukrainian vocabulary
- •3. Special literary vocabulary
- •3.1. Terms
- •3.2. Poetic words
- •Прекрасний Києве на предковічних горах!
- •3.3. Archaic, obsolete and historic words
- •3.4. Barbarisms and foreignisms
- •Все упованіє моє
- •О, як було нам весело, як весело!
- •3.5. Neologisms
- •4. Special colloquial vocabulary
- •4.1. Slang, jargonisms, vernacular and vulgarisms
- •All those medical bastards should go through the ops they put other people through. Then they wouldn’t talk so much bloody nonsense or be so damnably smug (d. Cusack).
- •4.2. Professionalisms and dialect words
- •5. Stylistically coloured words and context
- •Conclusion
- •Lexico-semantic expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •1.2. Figures of substitution
- •1.2.1. Figures of quality
- •1.2.2. Figures of quantity
- •2. Lexico-syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices. Figures of combination
- •2.1. Figures of identity
- •2.2. Figures of contrast
- •2.3. Figures of inequality
- •Conclusion
- •1. General considerations
- •2. Syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices
- •2.1. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the reduction of sentence model
- •2.2. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the extension of sentence model
- •2.3. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the change of word order
- •Inversion
- •2.4. Syntactic stylistic devices based on special types of formal and semantic correlation of syntactic constructions within a text
- •2.5. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the transposition of sentence meaning
- •Conclusion
- •List of recomended literature
- •Контрастивна стилістика англійської та української мов конспект лекцій
2.3. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the change of word order
Inversion
Inversion is a syntactic phenomenon of the deliberate changing of word order in the initial sentence model. Word order is a crucial syntactical problem in many languages. In English it has peculiarities which have been caused by the concrete and specific way the language has developed. The English language has developed a fixed word order which in the great majority of cases shows without fails what is the Subject of the sentence. This fixed word order is Subject— Verb (Predicate) — Object (S—P—O).
This predominance of fixed word order makes conspicuous any change in the structure of the sentence and inevitably calls forth a modification in the stylistic meanings.
There are two types of inversion: grammatical and stylistic. Grammatical inversion is aimed at the change of the communicative type of sentence and has no stylistic value.
Stylistic inversion is aimed at logical or emotional intensification of a certain sentence element. It attaches the additional emotional colouring to the surface meaning of the utterance. It is always semantically and stylistically motivated:
Talent Mr. Micawber has; capital Mr. Micawber has not (Ch. Dickens).
Rude am I in my speech... ( W.Shakespeare).
Of his own class he saw nothing (J. London).
Безбожний царю, творче зла,
Правди гонителю жестокий (Т. Шевченко).
Detachment
A specific arrangement of sentence members is observed in detachment. Detachment (відокремлення) is a stylistic device based on singling out structurally and semantically a secondary member of the sentence with the help of punctuation: dashes, commas or even a full stop. When placed in a certain syntactic position, a detached sentence component may seem formally independent of the words it refers to, though the word order may not be violated and semantic connections between the elements remain strong:
He had been nearly killed, ingloriously, in a jeep accident (I. Show).
I have to beg you for money. Daily (S. Lewis).
There was a world of anticipation in her voice and of confidence too, as she walked past me on to the terrace (D. du Maurier).
Горіли свічки, сяяли в рушниках ікони...Але це відійшло, розтануло разом з ладанними димами, зостався...лише цей довершений архітектурний витвір, оця симфонія пластики (О. Гончар).
Due to the detachment the adverbial modifiers ingloriously and daily and attributive construction of confidence in the English examples and the subject оця симфонія пластики in the Ukrainian one have become foregrounded into the reader’s focus of attention.
Stylistic function of detachment is determined by the syntactic role of the isolated element, its place in the sentence, general linguistic and stylistic context of the utterance.
Detachment is aimed at foregrounding of the isolated sentence element which according to author’s standpoint acquires greater emotional or logical importance. Detachment is used in descriptive and narrative discourses in order to make a written text akin to the spoken one, live and emotionally charged. Detachment is one of the most powerful means of rendering speaker’s emotions or mirroring character’s emotional /psychological state. It is used in descriptions of nature, events, situations in order to impress the reader and to create the presence effect:
Володькові очі все ширшають і ширшають, на щоках з’явились рум’янці. Щось дуже сильне тягне його туди. Так хотілося б, так дуже хотілося б... Бачити. Чути. Знати (У. Самчук).
Марта ревнувала Антона. Уперто, затаєнно, сильно, до всіх і до всього (М. Коцюбинський).