- •Н.І. Романишин контрастивна стилістика англійської та української мов конспект лекцій
- •Content
- •Lecture No 1. General notes on style and stylistics
- •Stylistics as a brunch of linguistics, its object, subject matter and main tasks of investigations
- •The main categories of stylistics
- •The notion of norm
- •The notion of image
- •На марах сонце понесли
- •The grasshopper and the cricket
- •The notion of stylistic function
- •Я смакую її хиби, дефекти тіла, маленьку душу, безсилий розум (м. Коцюбинський).
- •The notion of connotation and denotation
- •3. Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •4. Methods of stylistic analysis
- •Conclusions
- •1. General notes
- •Дылда – большой, грубый, медлительный
- •2. Phonetic means of stylistics
- •"Silver bells... How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle" and further
- •Alliteration
- •Assonance Assonance is a stylistically motivated repetition of stressed vowels. The repeated sounds stand close together to create a euphonious effect and rhyme.
- •3. Rhyme
- •The sunlight on the garden
- •4. Rhythm
- •While boyish blood is mantling, who can ‘scape
- •5. Graphical expressive means and stylistic devices
- •1. Stylistic resources of English and Ukrainian Word-building
- •Conclusion
- •2. Morphological Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •3. The Noun
- •3.1. Transposition of lexico-grammatical classes of nouns as stylistic device
- •3.2. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of the category of number
- •3.3. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of the category of case
- •3.4. Stylistic potential of the category of gender.
- •4. The Article. Stylistic functions of English articles
- •5. The Adjective. Degrees of comparison of adjectives as stylistic device
- •6. The pronoun. Stylistic functions of pronoun
- •7. The Verb.
- •7.1. Stylistic resources of tense and aspect in English and Ukrainian
- •7.2. Stylistic potential of the category of mood
- •Conclusion
- •1. Word and its meaning from stylistic point of view
- •Music to hear, why hear’st thou music sadly?
- •2. Stylistic classification of English and Ukrainian vocabulary
- •3. Special literary vocabulary
- •3.1. Terms
- •3.2. Poetic words
- •Прекрасний Києве на предковічних горах!
- •3.3. Archaic, obsolete and historic words
- •3.4. Barbarisms and foreignisms
- •Все упованіє моє
- •О, як було нам весело, як весело!
- •3.5. Neologisms
- •4. Special colloquial vocabulary
- •4.1. Slang, jargonisms, vernacular and vulgarisms
- •All those medical bastards should go through the ops they put other people through. Then they wouldn’t talk so much bloody nonsense or be so damnably smug (d. Cusack).
- •4.2. Professionalisms and dialect words
- •5. Stylistically coloured words and context
- •Conclusion
- •Lexico-semantic expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •1.2. Figures of substitution
- •1.2.1. Figures of quality
- •1.2.2. Figures of quantity
- •2. Lexico-syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices. Figures of combination
- •2.1. Figures of identity
- •2.2. Figures of contrast
- •2.3. Figures of inequality
- •Conclusion
- •1. General considerations
- •2. Syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices
- •2.1. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the reduction of sentence model
- •2.2. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the extension of sentence model
- •2.3. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the change of word order
- •Inversion
- •2.4. Syntactic stylistic devices based on special types of formal and semantic correlation of syntactic constructions within a text
- •2.5. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the transposition of sentence meaning
- •Conclusion
- •List of recomended literature
- •Контрастивна стилістика англійської та української мов конспект лекцій
3. Special literary vocabulary
3.1. Terms
Terms are mostly and predominantly used in special works dealing with the notions of some branch of science. Therefore it may be said that they belong to the style of language of science where they fulfil their basic function, that of bearing exact reference to a given concept. This function of terms does not allow the development of polysemy and seldom do the terms have synonyms. Although the synonymy is uncharacteristic for this layer of vocabulary the cases of synonymic substitution are possible and even favourable for stylistic purposes especially in Ukrainian where the bulk of this layer consists of the loan words. Some loan terms in Ukrainian have their synonyms, e.g.: алфавіт – азбука – абетка, процент – відсоток, дует – двоспів etc. There is a tendency to use the loaned term in official style and in scientific works and to use its synonym in publicistic, newspaper, colloquial, belles-lettres styles. The following extract exemplifies how the usage of terms contributes to the realistic description of the laboratory where the main heroine works:
In front of her were the instruments which she had been taught to read…there was a logarithmic amplifier, with faces like speedometers, which would give a measure – she had picked up some jargon – of the “neutron flu”.
On the bench was pinned the sheet of graph paper and it was there that she was to plot the course of the experiment. As the heavy water was poured in, the neutron flux would rise: the point on the graph would lead down the spot where the pile had started to run where the chain reaction had begun… (Ch. Snow).
The use of terms in newspaper style, in publicistic and practically in all other existing styles of language may change their function. The function of terms, if encountered in other styles, is either to indicate the technical peculiarities of the subject dealt with, or to make some reference to the occupation of a character whose language would naturally contain special words and expressions. When a term occurs in the belles-lettres style, for instance, it may simultaneously actualize its direct and figurative meaning and may acquire a definite stylistic value:
"What a fool Rawdon Crawley has been," Clump replied, "to go and marry a governess. There was something about the girl too."
"Green eyes, fair skin, pretty figure, famous frontal development" Squill remarked. (W. M. Thackeray).
The combination 'frontal development' is terminological in character (used sometimes in anatomy). But being preceded by the word 'famous' used in the sense indicated by the Shorter Oxford Dictionary as "a strong expression of approval (chiefly colloquial); excellent, capital" the whole expression assumes a specific stylistic function due to the fact that 'frontal development' is used both in its terminological aspect and in its logical meaning 'the breast of a woman'.
The following lines of Lina Kostenko can also be cited as a bright example of the artistic employment of terms, where the words that belong to the domain of mathematics embody the image of intricate and complexity of individual’s life:
Плюс мінус життя.
Таблиця розмноження.
Квадратний корінь із мрій романтика.
Два пишем, три помічаєм.
Розношена
щоденна
проста
математика (Л. Костенко).
There is an interesting process going on in the development of any language. With the increase of general education and the expansion of technique to satisfy the ever-growing needs and desires of mankind, many words that were once terms have gradually lost their quality as terms and have passed into the common literary or even neutral vocabulary. This process may be called "de-terminization". Such words as 'radio', 'television' and the like have long been in common use and their terminological character is no longer evident. It is also interesting to know that in the Ukrainian language in certain times of its development the following words as писовня (орфографія), мовниця (граматика), складання (синтаксис), голосівка (голосний звук), шелестівка (приголосний звук), речівник (іменник), злучник (сполучник), звучня (фонетика), письмівка (курсив), копальня (шахта), прогонич (болт), квас (кислота), кисняк (оксид), первень (елемент), мірило (масштаб), стіжок (конус) were terms.