- •Н.І. Романишин контрастивна стилістика англійської та української мов конспект лекцій
- •Content
- •Lecture No 1. General notes on style and stylistics
- •Stylistics as a brunch of linguistics, its object, subject matter and main tasks of investigations
- •The main categories of stylistics
- •The notion of norm
- •The notion of image
- •На марах сонце понесли
- •The grasshopper and the cricket
- •The notion of stylistic function
- •Я смакую її хиби, дефекти тіла, маленьку душу, безсилий розум (м. Коцюбинський).
- •The notion of connotation and denotation
- •3. Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •4. Methods of stylistic analysis
- •Conclusions
- •1. General notes
- •Дылда – большой, грубый, медлительный
- •2. Phonetic means of stylistics
- •"Silver bells... How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle" and further
- •Alliteration
- •Assonance Assonance is a stylistically motivated repetition of stressed vowels. The repeated sounds stand close together to create a euphonious effect and rhyme.
- •3. Rhyme
- •The sunlight on the garden
- •4. Rhythm
- •While boyish blood is mantling, who can ‘scape
- •5. Graphical expressive means and stylistic devices
- •1. Stylistic resources of English and Ukrainian Word-building
- •Conclusion
- •2. Morphological Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •3. The Noun
- •3.1. Transposition of lexico-grammatical classes of nouns as stylistic device
- •3.2. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of the category of number
- •3.3. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of the category of case
- •3.4. Stylistic potential of the category of gender.
- •4. The Article. Stylistic functions of English articles
- •5. The Adjective. Degrees of comparison of adjectives as stylistic device
- •6. The pronoun. Stylistic functions of pronoun
- •7. The Verb.
- •7.1. Stylistic resources of tense and aspect in English and Ukrainian
- •7.2. Stylistic potential of the category of mood
- •Conclusion
- •1. Word and its meaning from stylistic point of view
- •Music to hear, why hear’st thou music sadly?
- •2. Stylistic classification of English and Ukrainian vocabulary
- •3. Special literary vocabulary
- •3.1. Terms
- •3.2. Poetic words
- •Прекрасний Києве на предковічних горах!
- •3.3. Archaic, obsolete and historic words
- •3.4. Barbarisms and foreignisms
- •Все упованіє моє
- •О, як було нам весело, як весело!
- •3.5. Neologisms
- •4. Special colloquial vocabulary
- •4.1. Slang, jargonisms, vernacular and vulgarisms
- •All those medical bastards should go through the ops they put other people through. Then they wouldn’t talk so much bloody nonsense or be so damnably smug (d. Cusack).
- •4.2. Professionalisms and dialect words
- •5. Stylistically coloured words and context
- •Conclusion
- •Lexico-semantic expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •1.2. Figures of substitution
- •1.2.1. Figures of quality
- •1.2.2. Figures of quantity
- •2. Lexico-syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices. Figures of combination
- •2.1. Figures of identity
- •2.2. Figures of contrast
- •2.3. Figures of inequality
- •Conclusion
- •1. General considerations
- •2. Syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices
- •2.1. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the reduction of sentence model
- •2.2. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the extension of sentence model
- •2.3. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the change of word order
- •Inversion
- •2.4. Syntactic stylistic devices based on special types of formal and semantic correlation of syntactic constructions within a text
- •2.5. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the transposition of sentence meaning
- •Conclusion
- •List of recomended literature
- •Контрастивна стилістика англійської та української мов конспект лекцій
7.2. Stylistic potential of the category of mood
Transposition of verb tense and personal forms is not the only way to make the utterance emphatic. Modal meaning of the utterance and different ways of expressing modality are also very important for stylistics. The modal meaning of the utterance mirrors the great variety of speaker’s attitude towards the subject of speech, as well as the abundance of human emotions. In this respect both analyzed languages have much in common.
The imperative mood expresses the meaning of command, order, request, warning, advice, wish, threat. Besides the main verb forms used to embody this meaning different lexico-grammatical means are employed to make the utterance more emphatic or less categorical or even to modify completely its pragmatic meaning:
For heaven’s sake keep the front door shut!.. (K. Mansfield).
“Go down to the river and warn them” I said to the boy. “All right, darling. All right. Off you go now to lunch (H. Bates).
The abundant use of imperative forms is characteristic for advertising, in publicistic style and in newspaper heading.
Imperative forms can be transferred into the sphere of indicative and subjunctive mood, or vice versa indicative forms can be used to express imperative meaning. It goes without saying that this functional transposition imparts great stylistic value to the utterance:
“Взяли хлопці ящики – пішли!” (Ю. Смолич).
Стидав би ся з таким мотлохом на переправу в’їздити (О. Гончар).
Give us time, and we’ll settle the princess question out (D. Carter)..
The correlation between synthetic and analytical forms of English subjunctive mood is very important for stylistics. The synthetic form of subjunctive mood which has long been regarded as obsolescent is being revived in emotive prose and poetry now and is frequently used alongside its analytical counterpart should and would which modify the expressive connotations of the utterance, its emotive, subjective, evaluative characteristics:
There it was at its best, the Italian beauty, which makes men of all nations homesick for it, whether Italy be their home or not (B. Show)
.
Why should I be blamed of myself? (J.Joyce).
He could never achieve the top. It was this height of only thirty foot, as it were three strays of the building he felt afraid – what would he feel at sixty feet (W. Sansom).
Conclusion
Grammatical phenomenon, morphological category or part of speech as an element of language system has no stylistic marking but it possesses certain stylistic potential. Any language unit being placed in an unusual syntactic environment, which changes its standardized grammatical characteristics or the rules of its combinability, can acquire stylistic significance. Thus grammatical transposition is the central notion of morphological stylistics as well as the basic principle on which a stylistic device on the morphological level can be created.
Lecture No 4. Lexical Stylistics