- •Н.І. Романишин контрастивна стилістика англійської та української мов конспект лекцій
- •Content
- •Lecture No 1. General notes on style and stylistics
- •Stylistics as a brunch of linguistics, its object, subject matter and main tasks of investigations
- •The main categories of stylistics
- •The notion of norm
- •The notion of image
- •На марах сонце понесли
- •The grasshopper and the cricket
- •The notion of stylistic function
- •Я смакую її хиби, дефекти тіла, маленьку душу, безсилий розум (м. Коцюбинський).
- •The notion of connotation and denotation
- •3. Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •4. Methods of stylistic analysis
- •Conclusions
- •1. General notes
- •Дылда – большой, грубый, медлительный
- •2. Phonetic means of stylistics
- •"Silver bells... How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle" and further
- •Alliteration
- •Assonance Assonance is a stylistically motivated repetition of stressed vowels. The repeated sounds stand close together to create a euphonious effect and rhyme.
- •3. Rhyme
- •The sunlight on the garden
- •4. Rhythm
- •While boyish blood is mantling, who can ‘scape
- •5. Graphical expressive means and stylistic devices
- •1. Stylistic resources of English and Ukrainian Word-building
- •Conclusion
- •2. Morphological Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •3. The Noun
- •3.1. Transposition of lexico-grammatical classes of nouns as stylistic device
- •3.2. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of the category of number
- •3.3. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of the category of case
- •3.4. Stylistic potential of the category of gender.
- •4. The Article. Stylistic functions of English articles
- •5. The Adjective. Degrees of comparison of adjectives as stylistic device
- •6. The pronoun. Stylistic functions of pronoun
- •7. The Verb.
- •7.1. Stylistic resources of tense and aspect in English and Ukrainian
- •7.2. Stylistic potential of the category of mood
- •Conclusion
- •1. Word and its meaning from stylistic point of view
- •Music to hear, why hear’st thou music sadly?
- •2. Stylistic classification of English and Ukrainian vocabulary
- •3. Special literary vocabulary
- •3.1. Terms
- •3.2. Poetic words
- •Прекрасний Києве на предковічних горах!
- •3.3. Archaic, obsolete and historic words
- •3.4. Barbarisms and foreignisms
- •Все упованіє моє
- •О, як було нам весело, як весело!
- •3.5. Neologisms
- •4. Special colloquial vocabulary
- •4.1. Slang, jargonisms, vernacular and vulgarisms
- •All those medical bastards should go through the ops they put other people through. Then they wouldn’t talk so much bloody nonsense or be so damnably smug (d. Cusack).
- •4.2. Professionalisms and dialect words
- •5. Stylistically coloured words and context
- •Conclusion
- •Lexico-semantic expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •1.2. Figures of substitution
- •1.2.1. Figures of quality
- •1.2.2. Figures of quantity
- •2. Lexico-syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices. Figures of combination
- •2.1. Figures of identity
- •2.2. Figures of contrast
- •2.3. Figures of inequality
- •Conclusion
- •1. General considerations
- •2. Syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices
- •2.1. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the reduction of sentence model
- •2.2. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the extension of sentence model
- •2.3. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the change of word order
- •Inversion
- •2.4. Syntactic stylistic devices based on special types of formal and semantic correlation of syntactic constructions within a text
- •2.5. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the transposition of sentence meaning
- •Conclusion
- •List of recomended literature
- •Контрастивна стилістика англійської та української мов конспект лекцій
7. The Verb.
7.1. Stylistic resources of tense and aspect in English and Ukrainian
The verb both in English and Ukrainian has more developed system of grammatical categories than any other part of speech. The stylistic function of verb is the result of complex correlation between a verb form and syntactic structures in which this form can be used and/or grammatical transposition. The most characteristic feature of English is the polysemy of the English verb tense forms. The functions of certain tense forms are regarded as stylistically motivated. Let us consider some examples of expressive connotations that arise due to the specific usage of tense forms.
Continuous aspect is more expressive that Indefinite. It is used do denote the action that expose the hero’s character, to render the meaning of surprise, indignation, doubt, etc.
Everything’s so damned considerate! (I. Show).
Ruth: You are burning yourself out. And for what?..
George: You don’t even begin to understand – you’re no different from the rest. Burning myself out! You bet I’m burning myself out! I’ve been doing that for so many years now – and who in hell cares? (J. Osborne).
…But what about me? I’m going to look a proper bloody fool, aren’t I? (Ibid).
In Ukrainian the similar function and the meaning of continuity is supported by different lexical and syntactical means: contextual synonyms, repetition, gradation, etc.:
... уральський метал рве, стрясає перед ним ворожі укріплення...снаряди гвардійських мінометів летять і летять із-за спини ... (О. Гончар).
Present forms used instead of past or future are also stylistically marked; they make the text more vivid and expressive:
Then he comes back, crooks his finger, gives you cultured pearl necklace, he’s smuggled in and you fall into his arms (D. Cusack).
Ат вбігла смерком наша Оксана в хату до матері. Раденька, веселенька, сміється, щебече, бігає, розказує, де була, що бачила (Г. Квітка-Основ’яненко).
English archaic verbal forms perform different stylistic functions (dost, knowest, livest, hast – for the 2nd person singular, present; doth, knowth, liveth – for the 3d person singular present and hadst, didst for past; єсьм, єси, веліти ). They create the atmosphere of past epochs or make the utterance solemn and poetic.
Transposition of tense and personal forms of verb is another potential way to change the tone and modality of an utterance. The interchange between the first and the second person singular makes the utterance sound either more confidential, intimate or, on the contrary, - more generalized and impersonal:
Ідеш і слухаєш, і чуєш рідну землю (Л. Костенко).
You kept from thinking and it was all marvelous. You were equipped with goon insides so that you did not go to pieces that way that moat of them had… (E. Hemingway).
Ukrainian full, contracted and diminutive verb forms can express different shades of stylistic meaning: літати – літа, лягати – ляга; спати – спать – спатки, спатоньки; їсти – їстоньки etc. Most contracted and diminutive forms of Ukrainian verb (characteristic to colloquial or dialectal types of language) being used in poetry or emotive prose either perform the function of dialectal stylization or secure the solemn tone of the utterance.
Розгорта знамена широкий небокрай (А. Малишко).
І знов Донеччина...І вітер верби хиле (В. Сосюра).