- •Н.І. Романишин контрастивна стилістика англійської та української мов конспект лекцій
- •Content
- •Lecture No 1. General notes on style and stylistics
- •Stylistics as a brunch of linguistics, its object, subject matter and main tasks of investigations
- •The main categories of stylistics
- •The notion of norm
- •The notion of image
- •На марах сонце понесли
- •The grasshopper and the cricket
- •The notion of stylistic function
- •Я смакую її хиби, дефекти тіла, маленьку душу, безсилий розум (м. Коцюбинський).
- •The notion of connotation and denotation
- •3. Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •4. Methods of stylistic analysis
- •Conclusions
- •1. General notes
- •Дылда – большой, грубый, медлительный
- •2. Phonetic means of stylistics
- •"Silver bells... How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle" and further
- •Alliteration
- •Assonance Assonance is a stylistically motivated repetition of stressed vowels. The repeated sounds stand close together to create a euphonious effect and rhyme.
- •3. Rhyme
- •The sunlight on the garden
- •4. Rhythm
- •While boyish blood is mantling, who can ‘scape
- •5. Graphical expressive means and stylistic devices
- •1. Stylistic resources of English and Ukrainian Word-building
- •Conclusion
- •2. Morphological Expressive means and stylistic devices
- •3. The Noun
- •3.1. Transposition of lexico-grammatical classes of nouns as stylistic device
- •3.2. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of the category of number
- •3.3. Stylistic devices based on the meaning of the category of case
- •3.4. Stylistic potential of the category of gender.
- •4. The Article. Stylistic functions of English articles
- •5. The Adjective. Degrees of comparison of adjectives as stylistic device
- •6. The pronoun. Stylistic functions of pronoun
- •7. The Verb.
- •7.1. Stylistic resources of tense and aspect in English and Ukrainian
- •7.2. Stylistic potential of the category of mood
- •Conclusion
- •1. Word and its meaning from stylistic point of view
- •Music to hear, why hear’st thou music sadly?
- •2. Stylistic classification of English and Ukrainian vocabulary
- •3. Special literary vocabulary
- •3.1. Terms
- •3.2. Poetic words
- •Прекрасний Києве на предковічних горах!
- •3.3. Archaic, obsolete and historic words
- •3.4. Barbarisms and foreignisms
- •Все упованіє моє
- •О, як було нам весело, як весело!
- •3.5. Neologisms
- •4. Special colloquial vocabulary
- •4.1. Slang, jargonisms, vernacular and vulgarisms
- •All those medical bastards should go through the ops they put other people through. Then they wouldn’t talk so much bloody nonsense or be so damnably smug (d. Cusack).
- •4.2. Professionalisms and dialect words
- •5. Stylistically coloured words and context
- •Conclusion
- •Lexico-semantic expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •1.2. Figures of substitution
- •1.2.1. Figures of quality
- •1.2.2. Figures of quantity
- •2. Lexico-syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices. Figures of combination
- •2.1. Figures of identity
- •2.2. Figures of contrast
- •2.3. Figures of inequality
- •Conclusion
- •1. General considerations
- •2. Syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices
- •2.1. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the reduction of sentence model
- •2.2. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the extension of sentence model
- •2.3. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the change of word order
- •Inversion
- •2.4. Syntactic stylistic devices based on special types of formal and semantic correlation of syntactic constructions within a text
- •2.5. Syntactic stylistic devices based on the transposition of sentence meaning
- •Conclusion
- •List of recomended literature
- •Контрастивна стилістика англійської та української мов конспект лекцій
5. The Adjective. Degrees of comparison of adjectives as stylistic device
The invariant grammatical meaning of adjective is the meaning of quality that is closely connected with the notion of value and consequently with the emotiveness and expressiveness. This fact enables us to presume an important role of adjectives in the development of stylistic resources of a given language.
The category of comparison of English and Ukrainian adjective is one of the most stylistically powerful grammatical categories. The superlative and comparative forms of adjectives are not expressive or stylistically marked as such. But there exist numerous ways of intensifying their semantic and stylistic volume.
In English the essential stylistic effect can be created
1) by specific syntactic structures, e.g.:
the sweetest of babies, the most foolish of wives, she is as foolish as can be, is she as foolish as all that, she is that foolish;
2) by different lexical intensifiers that deepen the emotive, expressive and evaluative volume of the adjective in a certain context;
3) repetition and synonymic substitutions:
Oh, Josie, you are a naughty girl, you really are. I was hoping you’d have everything nice and clean and tidy when I came in (J. Osborn).
4) by the shift in valency between an adjective and a noun:
the white rush, the shrill girl his hungry ribs and shoulders, my idiotic shoelaces;
5) by violation of the rules of –er and –est morphemes valency:
“Curiouser and curiouser !” cried Alice ( she was so much surprised that for the moment she quite forgot how to speak good English (L. Carrol).
You cannot be deader than dead (E. Hemingway).
"You're the bestest good one - she said - the most bestest good one in the world" (H. E. Bates).
The above-mentioned transposition is also possible in Ukrainian:
Поетеса обіцяла, що її сестри покажуть Кобилянській усю околицю, що вона побачить уже таку Україну, “україннішої” за яку нема (А. Костенко).
Для мене найпроблемніша за проблем –
Проблема серця і чола народу (м. Вінграновський).
Besides the degrees of comparison affixation and word-building are the other ways to change the quality of an adjective (e.g. boyish, reddish, ice-cold). The system of adjectival suffixes and word-building patterns is more developed in Ukrainian: преглибокий, величезний, страшенний, яснісінький, білесенький, рясношумний, предковічний, премудрий, надлюдський, щонайкращий, якнайбільший, розчудесний, чистий-пречистий, густий-прегустий, архішкідливий, ультрамодний, добрячий, багатющий etc.
Most Ukrainian qualitative adjectives can have contracted and noncontracted forms which opposition is also regarded as stylistically relevant. They are frequently used in folklore to express positive attitude towards the person or thing described, to intimidate the atmosphere of the speech or to make the utterance sound solemn and poetic:
Пливе човен добра повен; зелен гай; ясен місяць угорі; рясен піт; будь здоров.
Ночі безсоннії, гори високії, сестра молодая, діва пречистая, дружина вірная.
Modern authors frequently resort to this opposition as the source of various stylistic devices.