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КОНТРАСТИВНА СТИЛІСТИКА РОМАНИШИН ПЛ.doc
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Onomatopoeia is a combination of speech sounds which aims at imitating sounds produced in nature.

Oxymoron is a combination of words which are semantically different. As a result of such combination the object under description obtains characteristics contrary to its nature.

Paradox is one more type of utterance based on semantic and syntactic opposition. Paradox is a statement that appears to be self-contradictory but contains something of a truth.

Parallel constructions are two or more syntactic structures built according to the same syntactic pattern.

Parcelation (парцеляція) is a deliberate split of one single sentence into two (or more) parts, separated by a full stop or its equivalent. Both parts of the sentence remain semantically and logically connected but being structurally independent, they acquire greater communicative value and impart expressiveness to the whole utterance.

Periphrasis (a type of metonymy) is the replacement of a direct name of a thing or phenomenon by the description of its quality, most conspicuous features. It is a kind of figurative renaming of an object.

Personification is a special type of metaphor (see metaphor). When the speaker ascribes human 47агально, thoughts and actions to inanimate objects, he resorts to the stylistic device of personification (уособлення, персоніфікація).

Polysyndeton is stylistically motivated deliberate repetition of conjunctions or prepositions.

Repetition is the recurrence of the same word, word combination, phrase for two or more times in close succession. Ordinary repetition is the repetition where the repeated element has no definite place in the utterance. Successive repetition is a string of closely following each other reiterated units. This is the most emphatic type of repetition, which signifies the peak of speaker’s emotions, or imparts the greatest logical significance to the repeated element. Anaphora is the repetition of elements at the beginning of each consecutive syntactic structure. Epiphora is the repetition of the final elements of each successive utterance. Framing. In framing the initial element of the utterance is repeated at the end of the utterance. Thus the syntactic structure resembles a kind of a “frame”: between the repeated words or word combinations there comes a middle part that explains and clarifies the idea. Catch repetition (anadiplosis) – (підхват). In catch repetition the end of one clause or sentence is repeated at the beginning of the following one. Chain repetition (ланцюговий повтор presents several anadiplosis.

Rhetoric question is an emotional statement or negation expressed in the form of a question. Rhetoric question does not requires any answer or demand any information but is used to emphasize the idea, to render speaker’s emotions or to call the attention of the listener (reader) to the focus of the utterance.

Rhyme is the repetition of identical or similar terminal sounds or combinations of words.

Rhythm is a flow, movement, procedure, etc., characterized by basically regular recurrence of elements or features, as beat, or accent, in alternation with opposite or different elements or features

Simile is expressive, imaginative comparison of two unlike objects, belonging to two different classes.

Synecdoche is a special type of metonymy (see metonymy) based on the relation between the part and the whole.

Syntactic tautology is repetition of semantically and grammatically similar language units within a sentence which results in the redundancy of information.

Zeugma and pun are stylistic devices which consist in play on words and operate on the linguistic mechanism of polysemy: the realization of different meanings of one and the same word, or the principle of semantic incompatibility of language units used in the utterance. The effect of these stylistic devices is humorous. Zeugma and pun are very alike from semantic point of view. But they differ structurally. A zeugmatic construction consists of at least three constituents. The basic word ( as a rule a polysemantic verb) of it stands in the same grammatical but different semantic relation to a couple of adjacent words Pun is a variant of zeugma. But pun is more independent structurally. It does not need a basic component like in zeugma. It is just play on words based either upon polysemy or homonymy.

Appendix 2.