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9. Read the information and be ready to explain the essence of replacement. Prepare your own examples:

The essence of replacement (= functional substitution) is substituting one thing by another. There are several types of replacement:

  • substitution of word forms (сани – sledge, часы – watch),

  • substitution of parts of speech (to shrug a careless shoulder – небрежно пожать плечами),

  • substitution of sentence parts (The book made him feel sorry for the characters – Ему было жаль героев книги),

  • substitution of sentence types (While I was eating my eggs, these two nuns with suitcases came in - Я ел яичницу, когда вошли эти две мо­нахини с чемоданами).

10. Translate the sentences using the types of replacement suggested.

  • They were halfway through their plates of eggs and sausages when Mr. Weasley jumped to his feet, waving and grinning at a man who was striding toward them (sentences types).

  • Clutching their purchases, Mr. Weasley in the lead, they all hurried into the wood, following the lantern-lit trail (sentences types).

  • His private life is the subject of much speculation (sentence parts).

  • Hiroshima was atombombed without the slightest mercy (sentence parts).

  • Europe is growing increasingly concerned about the escalation of tensions in the Middle East (sentence parts).

  • He crowded a lot of adventures into his young life (parts of speech).

  • При более близком рассмотрении открывается совершенно иная картина (sentence parts).

  • Он вёл себя очень уклончиво (parts of speech).

  • His light-mindedness got him involved into a hazardous undertaking (sentence parts).

  • В первые послевоенные годы система ценностей несколько изменилась (sentence parts).

  • В результате землетрясения многие люди остались без крова (sentence parts).

  • Her new movie had a lot of exposure in the media (parts of speech).

  • При сгорании угля образуется углекислый газ (sentence parts).

11. Read the information and be ready to explain the essence of antonymic translation. Prepare your own examples:

One more translation device is antonymic translation. Antonymic translation is substituting a negative sentence with an affirmative one and vice versa (She is not unworthy of your attention – Она вполне заслуживает вашего внимания).

12. Use antonymic translation as a transformation technique.

  • Force is wrong, and two wrongs never make a right.

  • Keep walking!

  • На солнце лежать нельзя.

  • К двери не прислоняться!

  • She wasn’t looking too happy.

  • Я приду только, если меня позовут.

  • Она уехала с твердым намерением вернуться лишь тогда, когда обзаведется надежным мужем и двумя-тремя детьми.

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