3. Translate the following items commenting on the techniques.

• Such was Tolstoy’s fame (expansion) that Yasnaya Polyana became a place of pilgrimage (expansion).

• Он поднял руку (addition) и почесал затылок (addition).

• He worked at “Mars” (addition + transliteration).

• It was a busy night (expansion): the bar was busy, the crap table was busy, the ping-pong table was busy (expansion).

• Adamson, sixtyish (expansion), was prominent in community affairs (expansion).

• After (expansion) Paris or London, Washington looks provincial.

4. Read the information and be ready to explain the essence of expansion and compression. Prepare your own examples:

• The opposite of expansion is compression (Германия занимает одно из ведущих мест по экспорту оптических приборов – Germany is a key exporter of optical instruments). We resort to compression in order to avoid redundancy, i.e. to imply what had to be explicit in the SL.

• Language economy also manifests itself in Omission, which is the opposite of addition. Omission is used when a complete reconstruction of the original sounds inappropriate semantically or is felt to be redundant (Он чувствовал себя прекрасно – He felt fine; She had a book in her hand – В руках она держала книгу).

What factors from task 1 can necessitate compression and omission? Explain.

5. Translate the following items relying on the suggested techniques.

• Он решил, что не вымолвит больше ни слова, так как, по его мнению, всё равно от этого не было никакого проку (compression).

• СССР занимал первое место в мире по производству угля (compression).

• Он умел с достоинством проигрывать, но когда выигрывал, был совершенно невыносим (compression).

• Harry kneaded (concretization) his forehead (omission) with his knuckles (omission + concretization).

• I’m from Devonshire (addition + transliteration).

6. Translate the sentences into the tl and comment on the transformations.

• It was a white tiled, gleaming-tapped bathroom.

• It was a dehumanized apartment.

• Modern Italy is an underbathroomed and overmonumented country.

• He has always been a hearty eater.

• The actors will appear in the soon-to-be-released film.

• It was a handsome man; he clerked at some forwarding department and roomed a very small lodging not far from his office.

• Накинув на волосы косынку, она выбежала во двор.

• С тех самых пор мы ни разу не встречались.

• На таких людей, как он, нельзя полагаться.

• Змея с шипением уползла.

• Harry took his face out of his hands, opened his eyes, and stared around his bedroom as though expecting to see something unusual there.

• В пятницу мы должны были все вместе ехать в Рыбное, но с утра Кира почувствовала себя неважно и мы поехали вдвоем.

7. Read the information and be ready to explain the essence of sentence breaking and sentence joining. Prepare your own examples:

• One more translation device similar to expansion is sentence breaking, which consists in translating one simple SL sentence as a complex or compound TL sentence.

There are some structures that require this transformation:

• complex objects: I hate his behaving in this way;

• infinitive structure with the preposition “for”: I am anxious for her to pass the exam;

• infinitive structures indicating a subsequent action: She woke up to find her mother making breakfast;

• nominative with the infinitive constructions: The number of hospital beds is expected to increase twofold;

• infinitive of purpose constructions: He ran faster to finish first, etc.

• The opposite of sentence breaking is sentence joining (it is similar to compression). This device consists in using a simple TL sentence to render the meaning of a complex or compound SL sentence.

8. Translate the sentences and say what techniques were used.

Harry had arrived at Hogwarts to find that heads turned and whispers followed him wherever he went. My aunt found him smuggling doughnuts into his room yesterday. Она повернулась к плите и увидела, что соус пригорает. She would have been nice-looking if she hadn't been wearing a look that suggested there was a nasty smell under her nose. He crossed to the window, and drew back the curtains to survey the street below. Проснувшись рано утром, миссис Мейкин увидела, как два грабителя выносили из дома ее телевизор. The lunar highlands are believed to date back almost to the moon's formation about 4,000 million years ago. To achieve such perfection will prove his extraordinary progress in fencing.