- •Theory of translation Topic 3 Grammatical Translation Techniques
- •Translate the following items commenting on the techniques.
- •Read the information and be ready to explain the essence of expansion and compression. Prepare your own examples:
- •Translate the following items relying on the suggested techniques.
- •Translate the sentences into the tl and comment on the transformations.
- •Read the information and be ready to explain the essence of sentence breaking and sentence joining. Prepare your own examples:
- •9. Read the information and be ready to explain the essence of replacement. Prepare your own examples:
- •11. Read the information and be ready to explain the essence of antonymic translation. Prepare your own examples:
- •13. Read the information and be ready to explain the essence of transposition. Prepare your own examples:
- •15. Match the terms denoting translation techniques with their Russian equivalents.
Theory of translation Topic 3 Grammatical Translation Techniques
Grammatical transformations can be necessitated by the following factors:
a |
a grammar phenomenon exists in the SL but is absent in the TL |
He immediately came fully awake – Сон как рукой сняло |
b |
what is implied in the SL should be explicit in the TL or viсe versa |
He opened his eyes – Он открыл глаза
|
c |
the SL and the TL structures have different stylistic colorings |
John was met by his brother – Джона встретил брат |
d |
the SL and the TL have different traditions of expressing one and the same idea |
The city is built on terraces rising from the lake – Город построен на террасах, спускавшихся к озеру |
e |
the rules of expressing topic-comment relationship are different in the SL and the TL |
There is a dog in the yard – Во дворе собака |
Read the sentences and say what necessitated transformations:
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The snake hissed away leaving me frigid with fear – Змея зашипела и уползла, а я продолжал стоять, не мог пошевелиться от страха |
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If he were here, he would help us – Будь он здесь, он бы нам помог. |
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He entered the room, his children behind him – Он вошел в комнату, вслед за ним вошли его дети |
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At the first knock every window in the street became alive with female heads – После первого стука из окон домов по всей улице стали выглядывать женщины. |
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Keep walking – Не останавливайся |
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Nowadays one can often see women smoke – В наши дни на улицах много курящих женщин |
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The book made him feel sorry for the characters – Ему было жаль героев книги |
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A match glared in the dark – В темноте вспыхнула спичка. |
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He shrugged a careless shoulder – Он беззаботно пожал плечами |
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He felt well – Он чувствовал себя хорошо |
Study the information and be ready to discuss expansion, and addition. Provide your own examples.
Unlike explication, which is performed for lexical reasons, expansion is of grammatical character. It consists in using a TL word combination to render the meaning of a SL word, or in using a TL sentence to render the meaning of a SL phrase. We resort to expansion if the traditions of the TL do not allow us to preserve the SL grammar (We can’t translate the sentence He is a poor speller word for word, because in the Russian language there is no noun with the same meaning. That is why we restructure it in the following way: Он делает много орфографических ошибок). To perform expansion the translator should analyze the grammatical and lexical semes of a SL word or word combination and look for a means to preserve them in the TL.
addition is used when the original is felt to be insufficient because the TL system requires redundancy (He felt fine – Он чувствовал себя прекрасно; В руках она держала книгу – She had a book in her hand). Besides, we use addition to supply additional information, which a non-native listener may fail to get from the context: (He lived in Kent – Он жил в графстве Кент).
What factors from task 1 can necessitate expansion and addition? Explain.