1.2. Output

The production output of a bulldozer depends on the mode of op­eration, the shape of the blade, and the distance of transportation. It is necessary to use terrain slopes when working. If a bulldozer works on a downhill, the thrust force is considerably augmented, the resistance to the movement of the ground decreases, the volume of the soil displaced is increased. The opposite phenomena are watched when operation is executed uphill. For example, on the 10% -s’ rise the production output decreases by 40 – 50 %.

The resistance to the bulldozer movement increases as the process of shearing off the soil layer goes on as well as increasing the prism of drawing. It is expedient at the cut-in of a bulldozer to put deeper the blade at some more considerable depth than at the end of the cycle of shearing off. *It is done in order to use the thrust force of the bulldozer better, i.e. the depth of cutting should be variable.

It is possible to shear off shavings of uniform cross section on the entire path of scraping off the soil when working is implemented down­hill. It happens like this because working downhill results in the reserve thrust as resistance to the ground movement at the front of the blade and to bulldozer movement is much less than by operation on the hori­zontal site.

Usually the path which one bulldozer scrapes off the soil at the front of the blade makes 5-7 m. The blade is put deeper and the soil is sheared off on the first and on the second gears.

The effective work largely depends on the mode of the move­ment. More often, the soil is displaced on the first - the third gears. It is the best in order to reduce the soil shedding on each side of the blade to drive a bulldozer along a trench at the depth up to 0.6 m. * Several passes of the bulldozer can make this trench and then the height of cylinders reaches 0.20 - 0.25 m. * For the same purpose one can drive a bulldozer along the same place so that the shed soil would form cylinders on each side of the blade and the corridor would be formed between those cylin­ders after several passes.

Moreover, the production output increases if the coupled bulldoz­ers work simultaneously. They are set one from other apart of 0.25 -0.30 m for soils of the first and the second categories and up to 0.50 m for soils of the third .category. In this case the losses of the soil almost 2 times decrease and the web width is augmented, since the width of the spacing interval between two blades is added to the summary total length of them. Consequently, the production output is augmented by 10 -15% .

The way of the ground movement in to and three stages is applied to increase the production output as well. Thus at first the developed is displaced at half or at one-third of the way, then is stored at this buffer intermediate stage up to the volume of 100 – 200 m³, and after that is displaced further. At such a way, the soil is lost less; the production output increases by 5–10% .

Score: 10

Ex.6.Find in the text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

робота на схилі; збільшувати силу тяги; зменшувати опір руху на грунті; збільшувати обсяг землі, що пересувається; протилежні явища; робота на підйомах; збільшувати опір руху бульдозера; зрізання земляних прошарків; розмістити лезо на значно більшу глибину; однорідна поперечна дільниця; цільний шар зрізання; запас тяги; горизонтальна площина; декілька ходок; просипана земля; одночасна робота двох бульдозерів; проліт дистанції; загальна сума довжини; застосування дво- або триступеневого пересування грунту; тимчасова буферна стадія; зменшувати втрату землі.

Score: 5

Ex.7. Arrange the words given in a) in pairs of synonyms and in b) in pairs of antonyms:

a)

way, necessary, variable, to cut, to form, needful, step, to shear, to arrange, path, to increase, sort, changeable, opportune, several, category, therefore, some, consequently, stage, to enlarge, possible;

b)

downhill, at the end, to load, less, opposite, to augment, across, to store, uphill, to lose, to reduce, more, like, at the cut-in, along, to unload.

Score: 10

Ex.8. Form 5 sentences combining suitable parts of the table:

	The production output of a bulldozer	decreases	the mode of operation.
	Depending on the terrain slope one	depends on	the corridor between the cylinders.
	The production output	increases	the mode of operation, the shape of the blade and the distance of transportation.
	The resistance to the bulldozer movement	should choose	when working uphill.
	Several passes of the bulldozer	can make	as the process of shearing off the soil layer goes on.

Score: 5

Ex.9. Fill in the gaps with the words given below and translate the sentences.

1. The production output of a bulldozer depends on the ______ of operation, the _______ of the blade and the ________ of transportation.

2. It is necessary to use terrain _______ when working.

3. If a bulldozer works on a downhill, the _______ force is ______, the _________to the movement of the ground _______ , the volume of the soil displaced is ________ .

4. When operation is executed uphill, the resistance to the bulldozer movement ______ as well as the prism of ________ .

5. It is expedient at the ________ of a bulldozer to put deeper the blade at some more considerable depth than at the end of the cycle of shearing off.

6. In this case, the thrust _______ of the bulldozer is used better, the ______ of cutting should be variable.

7. To reduce the soil _______ on each side of the blade, the soil is displaced on the first – the third _______ .

8. After several _______ of the bulldozer the shed soil forms _______ on each side of the blade.

9. The developed soil is stored at ______ intermediate stage if the way of the ground movement in two and three stages is applied.

cylinders, gears, depth, resistance, drawing, shape, shedding, buffer, passes, decreases, increases, mode, slopes, thrust, cut-in, force, augmented, distance, increased.

Score: 9

Ex.10. Read the following and decide whether the statements are true or false. Correct them if necessary.

1. The production output of a bulldozer depends on the colour of it.

2. It is necessary to use terrain slopes when working.

3. If a bulldozer works on a downhill, the trust force is considerably reduced, the resistance to the movement of the ground increases, the volume of the soil displaced is decreased.

4. On the rise the production output increases.

5. It is possible to shear off shavings of uniform cross section on the entire path of scraping off the soil when working downhill.

6. Usually the path which one bulldozer scrapes off the soil at the front of the blade makes 5-7 m.

7. The effective work largely depends on the mode of the movement.

8. The production output increases if a dozen bulldozers work one by one.

9. The way of the ground movement in two and three stages is applied to augment the production output as well.

10. In this case, the soil is lost more; the production output decreases by 5-10%.

Score: 10

Ex.11. Put 5 types of questions to the following sentences:

1. It is necessary to use terrain slopes when working.

2. The opposite phenomena are watched when operation is executed uphill.

3. If the coupled bulldozers work simultaneously the losses of the soil almost 2 times decrease.

4. The developed soil is displaced at half or at one-third of the way.

5. Several passes of the bulldozer can make this trench.

Score: 10

Ex.12. Match each word on the left with the correct definition on the right.

1.	mode	a)	a mechanism for transmitting motion by gears.
2.	terrain	b)	the beginning of the work.
3.	to augment	c)	to cast off or lose.
4.	resistance	d)	a manner or way of doing, acting, or existing.
5.	cut-in	e)	the distance between two points, objects.
6.	depth	f)	ground or a piece of ground, especially with reference to its physical character.
7.	horizontal	g)	any force that tends to retard or oppose motion.
8.	gear	h)	the extent, measurement or distance downwards, backwards or inwards; deepness.
9.	to shed	i)	to make or become greater in number, amount, strength.
10.	interval	j)	parallel to the plane of the horizon.

Score: 10

Ex.13. Find the equivalents to the following terms and word-combinations:

	mode of operation		зубчата передача
	terrain slope		відстань
	thrust force		режим роботи
	to augment		буфер
	resistance to movement		глибина копання
	cut-in		горизонтальна дільниця
	depth of cutting		опір руху
	horizontal site		початок роботи
	gear		валик
	soil shedding		похилість місцевості
	cylinder		сила тяги
	spacing interval		збільшувати(ся)
	buffer		випадіння землі

Score: 13

Ex.14. a) Make the word-combinations using words given in lines 1 and 2.

1. depth of, soil, spacing, horizontal, terrain, mode of, resistance to, thrust;

2. interval, slope, operation, cutting, movement, force, shedding, site.

b) Use them in sentences of your own.

Score: 8

Ex.15. Find in the text 3 sentences marked with*. Find modal verbs and comment their meaning in the sentences. Translate them in writing.

Score: 3

Ex.16. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What does the production output depend on?

2. What is the difference between working on downhill and uphill for a bulldozer?

3. Under what conditions does the resistance to the bulldozer movement increase?

4. Why is it better to displace the soil on the first – the third gears?

5. What does the simultaneous work of coupled bulldozers result in?

6. How does the way of the ground movement in two and three stages increase the production output of a bulldozer?

Score: 6

Ex.17. Translate the sentences into English. Mind your active vocabulary of Ex. 4.

1. Режим роботи – важливий фактор, який впливає на продук­тив­ність видобутку бульдозера.

2. Необхідно брати до уваги фізичні особливості похилості місцевості.

3. За умов роботи бульдозера на схилі, сила тяги помітно посилюється, опір руху на ґрунті зменшується, обсяг землі, що пересувається, збільшується.

4. Протилежні явища спостерігаються при роботі на підйомах.

5. Ефективність роботи великою мірою залежність від режиму рухів.

6. Часто земля зіскоблюється на першій-третій зубчатих передачах.

7. Це є найкращою альтернативою для зменшення випадіння землі з обох боків леза.

8. Через декілька ходок бульдозера просипана земля сформує валики та коридор між ними.

9. При одночасній роботі двох бульдозерів збільшується продуктивність видобутку також.

10. Після зберігання у тимчасовій буферній стадії, опрацьована земля зазнає подальшого переміщення.

Score: 10

Ex.18. Be ready to speak about the ways of a bulldozer production output augmentation.

Score: 10

Total score: 140 points.

U N I T 5

Scrapers

Ex.1. Learn to recognize the following international words:

design, model, grading, compaction, system, block, application, kilometer, decentralize, constant, to start, to stop, bank, group, line, limit, maneuverable, to reduce, diesel, naturally, physical, phase, mechanical.

Score: 2

Ex.2. Translate the following words into Ukrainian and state their part of speech:

set – to set – setter;

except – to except – exception;

to consist – consistence – consistency – consistent – consistently;

to attach – attachable – attached – attachment;

to approach – approach – approachable – approachless;

to adjust – readjust – adjustable – adjuster – adjusting – adjustment;

to penetrate – penetrability – penetration;

majority – major;

charge – to charge – chargeable – to discharge – discharged – to recharge;

continuous – continuously – to continue – continuance – continuer;

complete – to complete – completeness – completive – completion;

availability – available – to avail – avail;

to come – coming – income – incomer – overcome;

connection – to connect – connected – connecter;

ready – readiness – readily;

correct – to correct – correction – corrective – correctly – correctness – corrector

Score: 3

Ex. 3. Form as many words as possible using suffixes and prefixes. Define what part of speech the new words are and translate them.

engine, apply, differ, value, oppose, transform, conduct, effect, machine, produce, place, stand, use, load, possible, charge, come, equip, relate.

Score: 5

Ex.4. Remember the meaning of these words and word-combinations:

drive truck	–	вантажівка-тягач
grading	–	градирування
pull-type / trailed	–	причіпний тип
semi-trailed	–	напівпричіпний тип
self-propelled type	–	самохідний тип
wheeled bucket	–	колісний черпак
coupling device	–	прилад зв’язку
roads cloth	–	полотно дороги
inclusions	–	елементи великих мас
frozen grounds	–	мерзлі грунти
reinforced scoop	–	армований ківш
engine load	–	навантаження на двигун
high maneuverability	–	висока маневреність
dumping	–	розвантажування
hard relief conditions	–	умови складного рельєфу

Score: 15

Ex.5. Read and translate the text.