I. Earth-moving machines

The earth-moving transport machines are called so because except separation the soil from a massif they displace it. They are also called so because during the digging the motion of a workpiece is implemented by moving the whole machine. The separation and transportation of the ground occur simultaneously at small distances that are about up to 50 m. In the case of more considerable distances, the soil is only conveyed after digging.

However, the earth-moving machines can work with the special transport of the distant operation. Therefore, for example, a bulldozer and even a scraper can effectively work at a short-haul of 100-200 m loading through the bunker, the main conveyor or power trucks.

The earth-moving transport machines can be divided into ma­chines with a knife (bulldozers, motor graders, elevating graders, plan­ers and so on) and into machines with a scoop (scrapers).

* The main advantages of earth-moving machines are that they of­ten demand only one driver. They can work without the special transport and have high efficiency. The output for supersized scrapers per one cubic meter of the bucket capacity reaches 12 m³/h.

That takes place per 1 m³ of the bucket capacity at the distance of 800 — 1,000 m . That corresponds to the aggregate production output of 800 m³/h. For power bulldozers the output reaches 1000 m³/h and more at the distances of 35 — 50 m and slopes about 20%. The relative pro­ductivity reaches 900 m/h. The cost of activities is low-leveled, some­times 3 — 4 times less than the cost of activities executed by excavating machines with dump trucks.

* Disadvantages of scrapers and grader-elevators are that it is diffi­cult to apply them at low temperatures on very hard soils with the inclu­sion of large rocks, stumps and radicals. It is difficult as well to apply them on moorland and at a wet climate, as the output drops, especially for wheel drive truck tractors. The earth-moving machines acting on rises and also on loose soils sharply reduce the output, as the cohesion of the undercarriage, especially wheeled, with the soil considerably de­creases.

Score: 10

Ex.5. Find in the text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

відокремлення землі від кам’яного масиву; переміщувати землю; протягом копальних робіт; виконувати; відбуватися одночасно; значна відстань; транспортувати землю; завантажувати; ділити(ся) (розподіляти(ся)); ніж; ківш; головна перевага; потребувати; сягати; відносна продуктивність; здійснювати (виконувати); недолік; використовувати (застосовувати); твердий грунт з умістом елементів великих мас (кам’яні маси, гірська порода); пні; коріння; падати (знижувати(ся)); при роботі на підйомах.

Score: 5

Ex.6. Arrange the words given in a) in pairs of synonyms and in b) in pairs of antonyms:

1. to transport, might, to execute, activity, haul, to displace the soil, for instance, to name, to reduce the output, to implement, for example, to drop the output, to shift the soil, to call, work, distance, power, to convey;

2. to raise the output, short distance, dry climate, easy, advantage, high, less, to reduce the output, difficult, long distance, more, to increase, disadvantage, to decrease, wet climate, low.

Score: 10

Ex.7.

I. For the words given in a) find the Ukrainian equivalents given in b).

1. 1. because; 2. except; 3. also; 4. so; 5.during; 6. in case; 7. only; 8. after; 9. however; 10. therefore; 11. into; 12. without; 13. about; 14. sometimes; 15. than; 16. as well; 17. as; 18. with; 19. per

2. 1. проте; 2. протягом; 3. тільки, лише; 4. крім; 5. іноді; 6. тому що; 7. без; 8. ніж; 9. відповідно, тому; 10. також; 11. з ; 12. у випадку; 13. до того (ж), також; 14. після; 15. так; 16. оскільки; 17. за, на, з, в; 18. приблизно, 19.  на

II. Translate the following word-combinations into Ukrainian:

to be called so because, about up to 50 m, after digging, can be divided into, machine with a knife, machine with a scoop, 800 m³/h, it is difficult as well to apply them, as the output drops, also on loose soils.

III. Translate the following word-combinations into English:

вони також мають таку назву тому що, крім відокремлення землі, протягом копальних робіт, у випадку більш значних відстаней, лише один водій, без спеціального транспорту, дванадцять кубічних метрів за годину, відхилятися приблизно на 20% , іноді у 3-4 рази нижча ніж, оскільки зчеплення шасі зменшується.

Score: 15

Ex.8. Fill in the blanks with prepositions given below. Translate the sentences.

1. The earth-moving transport machines separate the soil … a massif and displace it. 2. During the digging the motion … a workpiece is implemented … moving the whole machine. 3. The separation and transportation … the ground occur simultaneously … small distances that are about … 50 m. 4. … the case of more considerable distances, the soil is only conveyed after digging. 5. A bulldozer and even a scraper can effectively work … a short-haul of 100-200 m. 6. The earth-moving transport machines can be divided … machines … a knife and … machines … a scoop. 7. The output for supersized scrapers … one cubic meter of the bucket capacity reaches 12 m³/h. 8. It is difficult to apply scrapers and grader-elevators … low temperatures … very hard soils … the inclusion … large rocks, stumps and radicals. 9. It is difficult as well to apply them … moorland and … a wet climate, as the output drops, especially … wheel drive truck tractors. 10. The earth-moving machines acting … rises and also … loose soils sharply reduce the output, as the cohesion … the under-carriage … the soil considerably decreases.

at, into, on, for, from, by, of, up to, with, in, per

Score: 10

Ex.9. Transcribe and translate into Ukrainian the following words. Consult the polytechnic dictionary.

earth-moving transport machines, conveyor, power trucks, bulldozers, motor graders, elevating graders (grader-elevators), planers, scrapers, aggregate, wheel drive truck tractors.

Score: 3

Ex.10. Read the following and decide whether the statements are true or false. Correct them if necessary.

1. The earth-moving transport machines are called so because except separation the soil from a massif they shift it.

2. The separation and transportation of the ground occur simultaneously at long distances.

3. In the case of more considerable distances, the soil is only conveyed during the digging.

4. The earth-moving machines can’t work with the special transport of the distant operation.

5. These machines can be divided into machines with a knife and into machines with a scoop.

6. It is handy that the earth-moving machines often demand only one driver.

7. The earth-moving machines have high productivity.

8. The cost of activities is sometimes 3-4 times more than the cost of activities executed by excavating machines with dump trucks.

9. Disadvantages of scrapers and grader-elevators are that it is easy to apply them at low temperatures on very hard soils.

10. The earth-moving machines acting on rises and also on loose soils sharply raise the output.

Score: 10

Ex.11.Complete the sentences with suitable words given below and translate them.

1. The … transport machines are called so because except … the soil from a massif they … it.

2. The motion of a … is implemented by moving the whole machine.

3. The earth-moving transport machines can be divided into machines with a … and into machines with a … .

4. For power bulldozer the … reaches 1000 m³/h and more at the … of 35-50 m and slopes about 20% .

5. The relative … reaches 900 m³/h.

6. Disadvantages of scrapers and grader-elevators are that it is difficult to apply them on very … soils with the inclusion of large … , … and … .

7. It is difficult as well to apply them on … and at a … climate, as the output … .

knife, distances, hard, stumps, separation, output, workpiece, scoop, displace, rocks, wet, drops, productivity, radicals, moorland, earth-moving.

Score: 7

Ex.12. Form the sentences using the words given below. Mind your active vocabulary of Ex.3.

1. Машини для земельних робіт та транспортування грунту мають таку назву тому, що крім відокремлення землі від кам’яного масиву, вони її переміщують.

transport / machines / called / the earth- / are / so / moving / because / separation / a massif / except / the soil / displace / from / it / they

2. Протягом копальних робіт рух обробного виробу виконується шляхом руху всього механізму.

a / the digging / the motion / of / workpiece / during / machine / is / the whole / implemented / moving / by

3. Машини для земельних робіт можуть працювати зі спеціальним транспортом, призначеним для дистантних операцій.

work / moving / the earth- / can / machines / with / operation / the special / transport / the distant / of

4. Скрепер може ефективно працювати на коротких дистанціях. effectively / a scraper / can / a short- / work / at / haul

5. Такі машини можуть працювати без спеціального транспорту та мати високу результативність. work / machines / can / such / transport / the special / and / without / have / efficiency/ high

6. Продуктивність для дуже великого скрепера на 1 куб.м ємності ковша сягає 12 м³/год.

scraper / for / the output / one / supersized / per / the bucket / cubic / of / reaches / capacity / meter / 12 m³/h

7. Це відповідає продуктивності виробітку агрегату, яка сягає 800 м³/год.

output / that / the aggregate / of / corresponds / to / production / 800 m³/h

8. Вартість процедур іноді у 3-4 рази нижча за вартість процедур, що виконуються землерийними машинами із самоскидом.

activities / sometimes / the cost / is / 3-4 times / of / than / excavating / less / machines / trucks / with / the cost / dump / of / executed / by / activities

9. Також викликає певні труднощі використання їх на місцевості, що заросла вереском, особливо для колісних тракторів-тягачів.

difficult / is / it / to / moorland / apply / well / as / on / them / drive / truck / wheel / tractors / especially / for

10. Машини для земельних робіт втрачають продуктивність при роботі на підйомах та нещільних грунтах, оскільки когезія (зчеплення) шасі з грунтом відчутно зменшується. the earth- / machines / moving / the output / acting / reduce / on loose / on rises / and / soils / the cohesion / as / considerably / of / decreases / the undercarriage / the soil / with

Score: 10

Ex.13.Match each word on the left with the correct definition on the right.

1.	workpiece	a)	any of various bucket-like parts of a machine, such as the scoop on a mechanical shovel.
2.	dump truck	b)	the framework that supports the body of a vehicle.
3.	to correspond	c)	to put to practical use.
4.	loose	d)	a piece of metal or other material that is in the process of being worked on or made or has actually been cut or shaped by a hand tool or machine.
5.	short-haul	e)	a small truck used on building sites, having a load-bearing container at the front that can be tipped up to unload the contents.
6.	bucket	f)	to make or become smaller in size, number, degree, etc.
7.	output	g)	to conform, be in agreement.
8.	to apply	h)	not compact, not tight in structure.
9.	undercarriage	i)	not a long distance.
10.	to reduce	j)	the amount produced, as in a given period.

Score: 10

Ex.14. Find the equivalents to the following terms and word-combinations:

	earth-moving transport machines		відповідати чому-небудь
	workpiece		дистантні операції
	distant operation		нещільна земля
	to work at a short-haul		мати високу результативність
	to have high efficiency		самоскид
	bucket capacity		зменшити видобуток
	production output		ємність ковша
	dump truck		працювати на коротких відстанях
	to apply smth. on moorland		обробний виріб
	wheel drive truck tractor		машини для земельних робіт та транспортування грунту
	loose soil		продуктивність виробітку
	cohesion of the undercarriage		вантажний колісний трактор-тягач
	to decrease considerably		зчеплення шасі
	to reduce the output		відчутно зменшити(сь)
	to correspond to smth.		застосовувати щось на міс­це­вості, що заросла вереском

Score: 15

Ex.15. Turn the sentences into the Passive Voice.

1. The earth-moving transport machines have such a name because they separate the soil from a massif and displace it.

2. The division of the earth-moving transport machines may be the following...

3. In the case of more considerable distances, the only way to convey the soil is after digging.

Score: 3

Ex.16. a) Unscramble the world-combinations:

1) output / the / to / reduce

2) truck / wheel / drive / tractor

3) on / to / moorland / apply / smth.

4) high / have / to / efficiency

5) at / short-haul / work / a / to

6) the/ cohesion / undercarriage / of

7) transport / moving / earth- / machines

8) considerably / decrease / to

9) truck / dump

10) correspond / to / to

b) Use them in sentences of your own.

Score: 10

Ex.17. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What are the reasons for naming the earth-moving machines this way?

2. How can the earth-moving machines be divided?

3. What are the main advantages of earth-moving machines?

4. How many types of earth-moving machines can you find in the text? Name them.

5. What are the disadvantages of earth-moving machines?

6. Under what conditions do the earth-moving machines reduce the output?

Score: 6

Ex.18. Ask questions to get these answers:

1. The earth-moving transport machines.

2. By moving the whole machine.

3. At a short-haul.

4. Machines with a knife.

5. Machines with a scoop.

6. Sometimes 3-4 times less.

7. On loose soils. Score: 7

Ex.19. Give a short written summary of the text using such words and word-combinations as:

are called so because

is implemented by

however

therefore

can be divided into

the main advantages

that corresponds to

disadvantages Score: 10

Total score: 160 points.

U N I T 2

Bulldozers

Ex.1. Learn to recognize the following international words:

bulldozer, tractor, perpendicularly, centerline, horizontal, rotary, vertical, universal, grader, scraper, accessory, control, hydraulic, type, practically, to produce, reverse, transmission, mark, trench, construction, terrace, accuracy, motor, front, parameter, specification, rational, design, maximum, superior, to demonstrate, result, operation, prism, lifting, manually, cylinder.

Score: 3

Ex.2.Translate the following words into Ukrainian and state their part of speech:

equipment – to equip – reequip – equipage;

to change – change – changeable – unchangeable – changeless – changeability;

like – unlike – likely – likeness;

to install – installation;

rotary – to rotate – rotation – rotor;

control – to control – controller – controllable – controlled;

to reverse – reversal – reversible;

transmission – transmitter – to transmit – transmissible;

possible – possibility – impossible – possibly;

construction – to construct – constructor – constructive – to reconstruct;

powerful – power – to power – powerless;

value – valuable – to value – invaluable – to overvalue;

interrelated – interrelation – relative – to relate – relationship;

to add – addition;

to load – load – to unload – overload – to overload;

to require – requirement – required;

weight – to weigh – weightless – weightlessness

Score: 4

Ex.3. Form verbs from the following nouns.

increase, weight, separation, movement, transportation, application, requirement, knowledge, work, controller, productivity, statement, transmission, actor, division, power, difference.

Score: 3

Ex.4. Explain the word-building of the following compound words.

Bulldozer, centerline, sometimes, workpiece, hillsides, airfield.

Score: 2

Ex.5. Remember the meaning of these words and word-combinations:

crawler tractor	–	гyceничий трактор
wheel tractor	–	кoлicний трактор
changeable knife	–	навісний ніж
angle of cutting	–	кут зрізання
rotary blade	–	ротатне лезо
cradle	–	опора
hydraulic bulldozer	–	гідравлічний бульдозер
cable bulldozer	–	канатний бульдозер
mountainous terrain	–	гірська місцевість
trench	–	траншея
tractive force	–	тягове зусилля
engine power	–	потужність двигуна
undercarriage	–	шасі
idling	–	pежим холостого ходу
forced dropping	–	силове падіння

Score: 15

Ex.6. Read and translate the text.