VII. Определите, какие из приведенных ниже утверждений лучше выражает основную мысль текста economics:

1. Economics is the study of how society chooses to employ scarce productive resources to produce various goods and services and distribute them for consumption among various competing groups and individuals.

2. Economics is the study of a nations economy as a whole.

3. Economics is the study of the behavior of people and organizations in particular markets.

4. Economics can be challenging to study because it teaches principles that can be used in everyday buying and selling transactions with other.

VIII. Выберите правильный перевод подчёркнутых слов из приведенных ниже вариантов:

1. Economics is the study of how society chooses to employ scarce productive resources to produce various goods and services and distribute them for consumption among various competing groups and individuals.

a) конкурировать c) конкурирующие

b) конкурировавшие d) конкурируют

2. Resource allocation may also be left to individual consumers, bargaining on the marketplace and trading goods and services.

1. обмениваться c) обменены

2. обменявшись d) обменяет

3. Dr. Greenspan is very much a fighter against inflation and feels that government spending must be cut.

1. растратив с) расходы

2. растратившие в) тратить

4. Employing more employees firm increases labor resources. a) нанимая c) наймёт

b) наняв d) нанимавшая

5. Having distributed financial resources, firm can direct the remains on the development of production.

a) распределив c) распределяющая

b)распределяя d) распределять

7. Entrepreneurs, managing the factory, try to increase the ability of work of their business.

a) управление c) управляя

b) управляющий d) управлявший

1.2. Types of economies

Collectivism. In the twentieth century a new economic order grew up, which is known as collectivism. Collectivism is the system whereby economic decisions are taken collectively by planning committees and implemented through direction of resources either centrally or at local level.

Under this system planning committees are appointed and they provide the answers to our three central questions. Thus committees take the decision on whether, for example, more cars or more tractors should be produced. They solve the «How?» problem by directing labor and other resources into certain areas of production and, at the end of the day, they decide the «For whom» problem not by pricing but by allotting goods and services on the grounds of social and political priorities.

The mixed economy. By a mixed economy we mean one in which some economic decisions are taken by the market mechanism and some collectively. To this mixture we might also add a dash of tradition and command. When we use the term mixed economy it is usually applied to economies where there is a significant component of both collectivism and free enterprise.

Despite the wave of privatization in the UK significant economic decisions are still taken collectively. Education, health care, defense and social security remain in the section of the government. In the UK 40 percent of all expenditure is undertaken by the state. In countries such as the Netherlands and Sweden over 60 per cent of the economy is state-directed.

We study economics in the belief that through understanding we will be able to increase the wealth and welfare of society, and with the conviction that knowledge is better than opinions, analysis better than supposition. What we understand about economics is terribly important; it influences us all. We can put this need no better than it was put in 1936 by John Maynard Keynesin the closing words of the most influential economics book of the last century: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.

Management of the economy. Whatever political party is in power three main objectives of policy are pursued: control of inflation, reduction of unemployment, and promotion of economic growth. These objectives are not in dispute; they are concerned with the good housekeeping of the economy. Different governments may, however place different degrees of importance on individual objectives.