Gastritis
Acute gastritis. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes. Common varieties in practice are the result of indiscretions in food or alcoholic drinks; but contaminated food, “chill" and scarlet fever in its acute stage may also induce very acute gastric catarrh. The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis. The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is vomiting and when enteritis is superadded diarrhea also supervenes.
Chronic gastritis. Chronic gastritis is regarded as an important and by no means infrequent disease. Accurate diagnosis is essential. It is important to treat this disease in as early a stage as possible, not only for the immediate disabilities which arise but still more for the serious consequences such as carcinoma, which may possibly result from it. Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such well-known causes as alcoholism, oral sepsis (especially pyorrhea) and deficient mastication of food (from bad habits or lack of teeth). The cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case which demand treatment are:
1. Vomiting, especially in the morning and associated always with an excessive secretion of mucus into the stomach.
2. Diminution or frequently complete absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice. The prime causes favoring continuation of the disease having been removed, the first essential in treatment is gastric lavage carried out always before breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, before meals. Treatment by lavage is continued until improvement is manifested when its use can be gradually discontinued. If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration of a teaspoonful or more of sodium bicarbonate in a tumblerful of warm water in the morning and again before meals throughout the day.
Hydrochloric acid is so commonly greatly diminished or absent in an untreated case of chronic gastritis that some effort is generally made to remedy the deficiency. It is known that after gastric lavage for some weeks the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently returns in adequate amount.
3. Anorexia is common in chronic patients especially in the morning when there is a great excess of mucus in the stomach. Later in the day the appetite generally improves. Bad dietary habits are common in these patients. The prescribed diet should be arranged so that attractive small meals are provided at frequent intervals.
Post-text assignments:
Exercise 12. Answer the following questions.
1. What causes may induce acute gastritis?
2. What may cause acute gastroenteritis?
3. What are the cardinal symptoms of acute gastritis?
4. Is it important to treat acute gastritis in as early a stage as possible? Why?
5. What does the treatment of chronic gastritis consist of?
6. What cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case demand treatment?
7. When does vomiting in chronic gastritis usually occur?
8. What acid is frequently absent in the gastric juice in chronic gastritis?
9. What is the first essential in treatment of chronic gastritis?
10. When does the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently return to adequate amount?
11. When does anorexia occur?
12. What diet should be arranged for the patients with bad dietary habits?
Exercise 13. Complete the following sentences using the text.
1. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to…
2. Common varieties in practice are the result of indiscretions in…
3. … may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis.
4. The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is … is superadded diarrhea also supervenes.
… is essential.
5. Much of the treatment is essentially prophylactic and consists in the removal of such well-known causes as …
6. Vomiting… and associated always with an excessive secretion of mucus into the stomach.
7. If lavage is for any reason impossible, the next best substitute is the administration … in the morning and again before meals throughout the day.
8. Anorexia is common in chronic patients especially in the morning ….
9. …should be arranged so that attractive small meals are provided at frequent intervals.
Exercise 14. Read the sentences and say whether the following ones are true to the text:
1. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes.
2. The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute cholecystitis.
3. The cardinal symptom of acute gastritis is belching and when enteritis is superadded constipation also supervenes.
4. Chronic gastritis is regarded as an important and by no means frequent disease.
5. Much of the treatment of chronic gastritis is essentially prophylactic.
6. The cardinal symptoms and signs of an established case which demand treatment are vomiting, diminution and anorexia.
7. Vomiting occurs especially in the morning and is always associated with an excessive secretion of blood into the stomach.
8. Diminution or frequently complete presence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice.
9. Gastric lavage carried out always after breakfast and in the severe cases at intervals during the day, after meals.
10. Treatment by lavage is continued until improvement is manifest when its use can be gradually discontinued.
Exercise 15. Translate the following word combinations.
Ряд причин, повна відсутність соляної кислоти, погані звички, зловживання алкогольними напоями, занадта секреція слизи, виконувати орошення порожнини, проявляти покращення, повний стакан теплої води, впродовж дня, співвідносна кількість рідини, покращити апетит, профилактичне лікування, виділення гною з порожнини, ентерит.
Exercise 16. Write the translation of the word.
English |
Ukrainian |
English |
Ukrainian |
1. diminution |
1. |
7. indiscretions in food |
7. |
2. |
2. закреп |
8. |
8. призначення лікаря |
3. contaminated food |
3. |
9. to induce |
9. |
4. |
4. відрижка |
10. |
10. ліки |
5. consequence |
5. |
11. to discontinue |
11. |
6. |
6. блювота |
12. |
12. прояви хвороби |
Exercise 17. Translate into English phrases in bold type.
Gastritis may be caused by поганого пережовування їжи.
If any side effects appear – припинити прийом ліків.
Treatment of gastritis складається з mostly appropriate diet.
Погані звички харчування are common in patients with gastritis.
Treatment by lavage can припинити until improvement з’явиться.
It is important to treat gastritis in an early stage to prevent the serious наслідки such as carcinoma.
The causes of gastritis may be зловживання алкоголем, переїдання, скарлатина та ін.
Exercise 18. Choose proper variant of Participle:
The prescribed/prescribing drug was ineffective.
The surgeon observed marked/marking improvement in patient’s condition.
Children sleeping/slept in their beds are recovering.
Symptoms, accompanying/accompanied flue are fever, muscular pain, vomiting.
The wounded/wounding arm was bandaged.
The X-ray examination was rather disappointing/disappointed.
These drugs left/leaving in a dry, dark place are best to be used during 1 year.
Exercise 19. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate forms of Participles. Translate them into your native language.
1. The patient (to survive) the operation well, the danger of peritonitis was eliminated.
2. Cholecystitis is known to occur rarely in isolated condition, sometimes with the involment of the liver (to associate) with it.
3. The blood analysis is known to reveal some changes, they (to result) from the effect of toxic substances in the liver.
4. Recovery is achieved by surgical treatment, it (to follow) by prolonged antibiotic therapy and chemotherapy.
5. My friend (to suffer) from a severe toothache, I advised him to go to the dentist.
Exercise 20. Transform the sentences with subordinate clauses in sentences with Participle II.
Example: The patient who was examined by the doctor was sent to the 3d ward. – The patient, examined by the doctor, was sent to the 3d ward.
1. The child that was left alone in the doctor’s cabinet, began to cry.
2. The microbes that caused so many illnesses, was distinguished.
3. A patient, who was X-rayed, was sent for blood analyses.
4. A man, who was vaccinated, managed to catch a flue.
5. The man, who had broken his leg, was discharged from the hospital yesterday.
6. The analyses, which showed the microbes of pneumonia, turned out to be false.
7. A man, who was operated on malignant tumor in his stomach died 3 days ago.
Exercise 21. Put questions to the underlined members of sentences.
1. Acute gastritis (catarrhal gastritis) is due to a great variety of causes.
2. The inflammation may spread downwards to cause acute gastroenteritis.
3. Treatment consists of the removal of such well-known causes as alcoholism, oral sepsis and deficient mastication of food .
4. The first essential in treatment is gastric lavage.
5. In severe cases gastric lavages are carried out at intervals during the day, before meals.
6. After gastric lavage for some weeks, the secretion of hydrochloric acid frequently returns in adequate amount.
7. Later in the day the appetite generally improves.
Exercise 22. Open the brackets and put the verbs in a correct tense.
1. The surgeon (to perform) this operation from 10 till 11 o’clock.
2. Two hours ago, a boy (to bring) to the pediatrician with a cough.
3. Eye drops may (to use) for the prevention of ocular infection after removal of a corneal or conjuctival foreign body.
4. The patients (to examine) by a doctor in charge now.
5. If the patient has TB bacilli in the sputum, he (to stay) in the hospital for six or eight months.
6. The patient cannot be discharged from the hospital because he not (to recover) yet.
7. When we came, the solution (to boil) in the water-heater system.
Exercise 23. Describe the terms.
Gastritis, cholecistitis, gastric lavage, anorexia.
Exercise 24. Read and translate the text. Additional reading.