1. Shortering in Close Syllable

Vovel + consonant + consonsnt – short Vowel in closed syllable

OE ME

Inf. Cepan kepan (keep)

Past Cepte kepte(e) (kept)

e\e:\ \e\

exeption:

long Vowel was preserved without any changes at all in the thoughtant condition + lengthening Consosnant Claster ( ld\nd)

inf. Wenan wenen (think)

past wende wende

Consonant Claster

long vovel + consonant in 3 sylabyc word –> vovel became short ( laferce – laferce –larke (lark)

The main distinctive in OL is shorteting of vovel

2. Lengthening in the open syllable (ME, NE)

All volvels became long

Open syllable V –> vovel V

a-e

o-o

o, a – Q

ca-ru – care (care)

ta-lu – tale (tale)

ma-cian – maken (make)

we-rian – weren (wear)

ste-lan – stelen (steel)

specan – speken (speak)

3. Monoftongisation of old English dipfthongs

1. During the OL->MD all d. disappeared to monophthongs

11c 12c

ea --- -\\-

e:a-----

ae-> ae -> e

ae:-> ae: -> a:

eo -\\-

eo:

e->e -> e’

e:->e: -> e:

ea -ae – a:

eald - ald(old)

healf – half

deop – dep\deep

2. Rise of new diphth. In me

OE ME

1st narrow+2nd wide (wider them the 1st) 1st wid, broad + 2nd short, narrow

Types of dyphth. In ME:

1) Vovel + peletive fricative З \J\ -> diph.+i

+ Vidar spirant 3 \г\ -> diphth. w \u\

I

Аe3 -> ai\ay dae3 -> dai\day [day]

eз -> ei\ey wei\wey

e3 -> ei\ey 3re3 -> grei\grey

2) W

a3 -> aw dra3an -> drawen

aw -> o:w a3en -> owen (own)

3) AU Vowel + h (voiceless spirant) -> diph.

A+h -> ough

O+h -> ough

dah -> dough [u:] -> [au]

3enoh – inough (enough)

Changing in long vovels

Rise of long fround \ back labialised vowels

When Narrow vowel was followed by fricative cons. -> long vowel

I: --

+3 -> (ti3le – tile; sti3en – stien (ascend)

I --

Y: --

3 -> I (ry3e -> rie (rye); gry3e – drie (dry)

Y –

U: --

3 -> u (ou, ow) bu3an -> bowen (bow); fu3ol -> foul (bird)

U –

3 \г\

5.Sometimes no changes:

Vowel +l\r +3 -> no vowel ( l3 -> lw ();

r3 ->rw)

3al3e -> galwe (gallows)

mor3en -> morwen -> to-morrow-> morning

6. Leveling in unstressed syllables (innovation in me)

*\ э\ it caused changes in spelling and grammar

Inf.suffix – an- -> en -> e -> 0 ( bindan -> binden -> to binde; stanas -> stQnes -> stones )

ME grammatical changes

Noun grammatical catigories

OE ME

Gender 3-> 0

Case 4->2

Nomber 2 -> 2

Plur.end. -as->es

Of genitive case

To+ Dative case

With\by + Instrum.

OE -> Early ME -> Late ME -> Early -> new

Nom -- -\\-

Acc- --- -\\-

Dat --------------- -\\-common

Gen -----------------------possesive meaning

Adjective OE LME

Gend 3->0

Cases 5 -> 0

Number 2-> 0

Def\Indef 2-> 0

Compar. 3- 3 analytical form

Degrees of comparison

OE ME

Comp -ra -er

Super -est\-ost -est

More, most +polisylabics

Double

Case changes:

Nom +Acc

Gen COMMON CASE

Dat --

Instr -- Datve

Weak forms preserved final e in sing.and pl. and in LME e disappeared, so no diff. between weak and strong

ME Pronounce

ти – ви

Thee\thou you (then only in poetry)

Many personal pronouns is Scandinavian origin: we – wij; sei – she

17.10.12

Los of unstressed a

-final e

plural forms of substanstanive ( noun) # pers sing present indicative ~ ed (past tens)

- e + consonants

es \iz\z\s\

In some cases A was preserved & was transformed in short I in certain groups

The same situation happened with adjectives Participle 2

learned - nd ed id

Spelling rules with A

mute e - was preserved to indicate a long root vowel - was introduced to new words to indicate new long sounds

OE	ME	NE
hus	hous	house
ston	stoun	stone
wrot	rot	wrote

Final letter e was lost in words ending we as morwe ( morning) In the 16 th st. final W developed in to diphthong \ou\ morrow

ME	Early NE	Present NE
morwe	morw	morrow
sorwe	sorw	sorrow
narwe	narw	narrow