Grammar appendix
A - Comparison with -er/-est
clean - cleaner - (the) cleanest
We use -er/-est with the following adjectives:
1) Adjectives with one syllable
clean |
cleaner |
cleanest |
new |
newer |
newest |
cheap |
cheaper |
cheapest |
2) Adjectives with two syllables and the following endings:
2 - 1) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y
dirty |
dirtier |
dirtiest |
easy |
easier |
easiest |
happy |
happier |
happiest |
pretty |
prettier |
prettiest |
2 - 2) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -er
clever |
cleverer |
cleverest |
2 - 3) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -le
simple |
simpler |
simplest |
2 - 4) adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow
narrow |
narrower |
narrowest |
Spelling of the adjectives using the endings -er/-est
large |
larger |
largest |
leave out the silent -e |
big |
bigger |
biggest |
Double the consonant after short vowel |
sad |
sadder |
saddest |
|
dirty |
dirtier |
dirtiest |
Change -y to -i (consonant before -y) |
shy |
shyer |
shyest |
Here -y is not changed to -i. (although consonant before -y) |
B - Comparison with more - most
difficult - more difficult - (the) most difficult
all adjectives with more than one syllable (except some adjectives with two syllables - see 2 - 1 to 2 - 4)
C - Irregular adjectives
good |
better |
best |
|
bad |
worse |
worst |
|
much |
more |
most |
uncountable nouns |
many |
more |
most |
countable nouns |
little |
less |
least |
|
little |
smaller |
smallest |
|
D - Special adjectives
Some ajdectives have two possible forms of comparison.
common |
commoner / more common |
commonest / most common |
likely |
likelier / more likely |
likeliest / most likely |
pleasant |
pleasanter / more pleasant |
pleasantest / most pleasant |
polite |
politer / more polite |
politest / most polite |
simple |
simpler / more simple |
simplest / most simple |
stupid |
stupider / more stupid |
stupidest / most stupid |
subtle |
subtler / more subtle |
subtlest / most subtle |
sure |
surer / more sure |
surest / most sure |
Difference in meaning with adjectives:
far |
farther |
farthest |
distance |
further |
furthest |
distance or time |
|
late |
later |
latest |
|
latter |
x |
|
|
x |
last |
|
|
old |
older |
oldest |
people and things |
elder |
eldest |
people (family) |
|
near |
nearer |
nearest |
distance |
x |
next |
order |
Fill in the missing words into the gaps. Mind the first two words in each task. |
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Adverbs tell us in what way someone does something. Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
Adjectives tell us something about a person or a thing. Adjectives can modify nouns or pronouns.
Adjective |
Adverb |
Mandy is a careful girl. |
Mandy drives carefully. |
Mandy is very careful. |
|
Mandy is a careful driver. This sentence is about Mandy, the driver, so use the adjective.
Mandy drives carefully. This sentence is about her way of driving, so use the adverb.
Form
Adjective + -ly
Adjective |
Adverb |
dangerous |
dangerously |
careful |
carefully |
nice |
nicely |
easy |
easily |
horrible |
horribly |
electronic |
electronically |
irregular forms |
|
good |
well |
fast |
fast |
hard |
hard |
If the adjective ends in -le, the adverb ends in -ly. Example: terrible - terribly
If the adjective ends in -e, then add -ly. Example: safe - safely
Tip: Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs.
adjectives ending in -ly: friendly, silly, lonely, ugly nouns, ending in -ly: ally, bully, Italy, melancholy verbs, ending in -ly: apply, rely, supply
There is no adverb for an adjective ending in -ly.
Types of adverbs
1) Adverbs of manner quickly kindly
2) Adverbs of degree very rather
3) Adverbs of frequency often sometimes
4) Adverbs of time now today
5) Adverbs of place here nowhere
Rewrite each sentence with the adverb of frequency (in brackets) in its correct position. Example: I play tennis on Sundays. (often). Answer: I often play tennis on Sundays. |
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We use the Gerund after prepositions.
verb + preposition
Exception: to Here we use the phrase: looking forward to + Gerund
Example: I'm looking forward to seeing you soon.
We use the Gerund after the following phrases: |
|
accuse of |
They were accused of breaking into a shop. |
agree with |
I agree with playing darts. |
apologize for |
They apologize for being late. |
believe in |
She doesn't believe in getting lost in the wood. |
blame for |
The reporter is blamed for writing bad stories. |
complain about |
She complains about bullying. |
concentrate on |
Do you concentrate on reading or writing? |
congratulate sb. on |
I wanted to congratulate you on making such a good speech. |
cope with |
He is not sure how to cope with getting older. |
decide against |
They decided against stealing the car. |
depend on |
Success may depend on becoming more patient. |
dream about/of |
Sue dreams of being a pop star. |
feel like |
They feel like going to bed. |
get used to |
You must get used to working long hours. |
insist on |
The girls insisted on going out with Mark. |
look forward to |
I'm looking forward to seeing you soon. |
prevent sb. from sth. |
How can I prevent Kate from working in this shop? |
rely on sth. |
He doesn't rely on winning in the casino. |
succeed in |
How then can I succeed in learning chemistry? |
specialize in |
The firm specialized in designing websites. |
stop sb. from |
I stopped Andrew from smoking. |
talk about/of |
They often talk about travelling to New Zealand. |
think of |
Frank thinks of playing chess. |
warn sb. against |
We warned them against using this computer. |
worry about |
The patient worries about having the check-up. |
Put in the correct preposition. Example: He concentrates __ physics. Answer: He concentrates on physics. |
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playing
volleyball.
Reported questions
If you put a question into Reported speech there are some steps which are the same like instatements: (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).
In Reported speech there is no question anymore, the sentence becomes a statement. That's why the word order is: subject - verb
Question without question words (yes/no questions): Peter: "Do you play football?" - Peter asked me whether (if) I played football.
Question with question words: Peter: "When do you play football?" - Peter asked me when I played football.
Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not necessary. Example: Peter: "Did John clean the black shoes?" Peter asked me _________________________________ Answer: Peter asked me if John had cleaned the black shoes. |
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Мангазина Ж.Р., Молдабаева М.К., Минаева А.Ж.
Ассистенты профессора ФОГП
«Английский язык». Электроный учебник для обучающихся колледжа специальности «Дизайн» - Алматы: КазГАСА, 2012г.-45 с.
Редактор Есимханова А.
План-график разработки эл.учебной литературы, под №14
Усл.печ.л. 2,8. Уч.изд.л.3.0
Издание Казахской головной архитектурно-строительной академии
Издательский дом «Строительство и Архитектура»