The Forms of the Gerund

(формы герундия)

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	reading I’m fond of reading. Я люблю читать.	being read Children are fond of being read to. Дети любят, когда им читают.
Perfect	having read I’m sorry for not having read the letter. Сожалею, что не прочел письмо.	having been used He told me of penalties having been used in medieval times. Он рассказал мне о наказаниях, применявшихся в средние века.

Notes: 1. Герундий в формах Indefinite выражает действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого, а после предлогов on, after может указывать на предшествование действия. (After reading the book he gave it to me. – После того, как он прочел книгу, он дал ее мне.). 2. Герундий в формах Perfect выражает действие, предшествующее глаголу-сказуемому.

The Forms of Participle I

(формы причастия I)

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	speaking Frankly speaking, you are wrong. Откровенно говоря, ты не прав.	being asked Being asked he didn’t answer a word. Когда его спросили, он не ответил ни слова.
Perfect	having written Having written the letter he posted it. Написав письмо, он отправил его по почте.	having been asked She didn't return with us, having been asked to stay. Она не вернулась с нами, так как ее попросили остаться.

Note: Participle II имеет только одну форму (Passive). Например: to write – written, to open – opened.

Exercises

1. Translate the sentences:

a) 1. This contract is to be discussed tomorrow. 2. There is not a moment to be lost. 3. At that hour of the day visitors are less likely to be coming to the office. 4. I'm sorry to have told you that. 5. He seems to be interfering with her private life. 6. It's useless to discuss now what he ought to have done.

b) 1. Without being obliged he prepared all documents for the coming session. 2. I know you dislike being asked one and the same question several times. 3. The wrongdoer denied his having committed the crime. 4. I don't very much like being interrupted. 5. He's proud of having been of use to the police.

c) 1. Having made the announcement the teacher left the room. 2. Having signed the documents he returned them to his secretary. 3. Having registered the documents the secretary put them in her desk. 4. She stayed in the office to work overtime, having been asked by her boss.

2. Read the sentences, point out all the verbals and state their forms and functions:

1. I ought to have spoken to him. It's important to get all the evidence about the accident. 2. Analysis is a good logical method of detecting crimes. 3. He is believed to be working on this problem now. 4. I want to know his opinion on the evidence produced by the criminal. 5. He is listening to the complaint very attentively. 6. The policemen were sitting in the room, waiting for the criminal to be brought. 7. He is known to have left the office. 8. I saw him enter the room. 9. I've just received a telegram from Jim to say he was going to arrive. 10. The witness said he had seen two men start toward him from the opposite side of the street. 11. She told me of his having left for Moscow. 12. When going somewhere on business, I try to make everything ready beforehand. 13. He stopped as if listening to something. 14. On learning the news, he told it to me. 15. Having graduated with university degree, he began to work at our law firm. 16. All questions being discussed, they signed the transaction documents.

WORD-BUILDING

Префикс	Производящая основа	Производная основа	Словообразовательное значение	Примеры
non-	прилагательное существительное	прилагательное существительное	a) противоположное зна-чению мотивирую­щей основы; б) отсутствие качест­ва, указанного в мо­тивирующей основе.	aggressive – non-aggressive member – non-member natural – non-natural
de-	глагол	глагол	Действие, противоположное выраженному мотивирующей основой.	to centralize – to decentralize
anti-	прилагательное существительное	прилагательное существительное	Противоположное значению мотивирующей основы.	republican – anti-republican fascist – antifascist
counter-	глагол	глагол	Действие, противоположное выраженному мотивирующей основой.	to act – to counteract
	существительное	существительное	Опредмеченное действие, обратное выра­женному мотивирующей основой.	campaign – to counter- campaign

Exercises

1. Give the Russian for:

a) non-stop, nondemocratic, noneducational, nongovern­mental, nonrealistic, non-political, non-interference, non-peace­ful;

b) decentralize, denationalize, demobilize, dematerialize, denaturalize, demoralize;

c) anticonstitutional, antimilitarism, antifascist, anti-human;

d) counterclaim, counter-espionage, counter-force, counter-revolution, counterbalance.

2. Give the English for:

противодействие, антиобщественный, контрреволю­ция, антипатриотический, деморализовать, уничтожать монополию, безостановочный, ненападение.

3. Continue the chains of the family words:

– anti-… – non-…

a ) aggression b) moral

– non-… – im-…

– un-…

c ) democratic

– non-…

READING

A – 1

1. Read the following proper names; mind their pronunciation:

William Blackstone [wljm blkstun], Cheapside [i:psad], Charterhouse [a:thaus], Pembroke [pembruk], Magna Carta [mgn ka:t], ratio [reu].

2. Read and translate the text; explain your variants of translation of word-combinations in black type:

WILLIAM BLACKSTONE

William Blackstone is considered to be the father of British law. His treaties are real “precious stones” of common law because they present its basic terminology and synthesize its main notion.

Blackstone was born in Cheapside in 1723. He was the posthumous son of a London silk mercer. He received his education at Charterhouse School and at Pembroke College in Oxford. In 1743 he became a fellow of All Souls College in Oxford, and he was called to the bar as a barrister at the Middle Temple in 1746. After practicing in the courts of Westminster for several years, without great success, he returned to Oxford in 1758. At this time, he was appointed Principal of New Inn Hall.

The most famous treaty of Blackstone is the Commentaries on the Laws of England. This work is generalization and analysis of the main principles and doctrines of common law. He also published treatises on Magna Cartа¹.

Blackstone’s Commentaries are very popular both in Great Britain and the USA. U.S. courts frequently quote them as the pre-Revolutionary War source of common law; in particular, the United States Supreme Court quotes from Blackstone's work whenever they wish to engage in historical discussion that goes back that far, or further. For example, it is quoted every time when there is the discussion about the intent of the Framers of the Constitution because Blackstone wrote his books on common law shortly before the United States Constitution was written and many terms and phrases used by the framers were derived from Blackstone's work. Besides, U.S. and other common law courts mention with strong approval Blackstone’s formulation also known as Blackstone's ratio popularly stated as "Better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer" — although he did not first express the principle.

Note:

¹Magna Carta – Великая хартия вольностей

3. Give the Russian for:

father of British law, to become a fellow, to be called to the bar as a barrister, to quote frequently, in particular, to go back that far (or further), to be derived from, to express the principle.

4. Give the English for:

основные понятия, получить образование, получить назначение директора, самый знаменитый трактат, обобщение и анализ основных принципов общего права, намерения «отцов» конституции, незадолго до, виновный, невинный.

4. Match the words:

basic	law
supreme	terminology
pre-revolutionary	court
strong	source
common	approval