Tcp/ ip protocol – Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol – протокол управления передачей / межсетевой протокол
SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - простой протокол пересылки электронной почты
WAN – Wide Area Network – глобальная (вычислительная) сеть
LAN – Local Area Network – локальная (вычислительная) сеть
ISDN – Integrated Services Digital Network – цифровая сеть с интегрированными (комплексными) услугами
5. Find Infinitives in the following sentences and translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the functions of the Infinitives.
It is a collection of computers that can understand one another because they are connected using the same TCP/ IP protocol connection and client-server software standards like HTTP, FTP and SMTP.
Networking allows almost any types of computers, anywhere in the world to connect and communicate with someone on the other side of the globe who may use completely different equipment.
A server can be set up to route signals and data to other computers on its LAN, or local network.
This allows people to use dialup to connect to a server computer in order to receive Internet data.
6. Read and translate the text
7. Fill in the gaps
Words to be used: communicate, TCP/ IP protocol connection, a vary fast connection, completely different equipment, an open world-wide WAN, computer network, local network, in the world, to use dialup, client-server software standards, the Internet backbone, a collection of computers, ISDN dialup system, a permanent Internet connection, very large Server computers, a modem, to route signals and data
The Internet is much the same as any other______. It is _______that can understand one another because they are connected using the same ________ and ______ like HTTP, FTP and SMTP. Networking allows almost any types of computers, anywhere ______ to connect “reliably” and ______ with someone on the other side of the globe who may use_____. The World Wide Web is just one part of the Internet.
The Internet is based on______, usually located at the Universities and large government agencies, which are running and maintaining ______ between one another 24 hours a day, known as______. Other servers are then connected to this backbone, and even more servers are connected to these servers. Together they form _____, or Wide Area Network, called the Internet.
A server can be set up _______ to other computers on its LAN, or ______. This allows people______ to connect to a server computer in order to receive Internet data. Due to the cost of ______, most users decide on a dialup connection to an ISP using _____ or _______ .
8. Which statement deals with the content of the whole text?
The text headlined “How the Internet Works” is devoted to the connection and communication of different computers.
The text under consideration touches upon the problems of the Internet’s protocol connections and client-server software standards.
The text under the headline “How the Internet Works” deals with the definition of the Internet.
The text under discussion is concerned with the functions of the Internet.
The text headlined “How the Internet Works” deals with the structure of the Internet.
The text under consideration is devoted to the principles of the Internet work.
9. Give rendering of the text.
TEXT 3
THE USE OF THE INTERNET
Companies, individuals, and institutions use the Internet in many ways. Companies use the Internet for electronic commerce, also called e-commerce, including advertising, selling, buying, distributing products, and providing customer service. In addition, companies use the Internet for business-to-business transactions, such as exchanging financial information and accessing complex databases. Businesses and institutions use the Internet for voice and video conferencing and other forms of communication. The use of electronic mail (e-mail) speeds communication between companies, among coworkers, and among other individuals. Media and entertainment companies use the Internet for online news and weather services and to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs. Online chat allows people to carry on discussions using written text. Scientists use the Internet to communicate with colleagues, perform research, distribute lecture notes and course materials to students, and publish articles. Individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, and buying and selling goods and services.
TASKS
Transcribe the words and give their Russian equivalents
company (n.)
commerce (n.)
advertising (n.)
distribute (v.)
transaction (n.)
financial (adj.)
colleague (n.)
Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations
to use the Internet in many ways
electronic commerce (e-commerce)
businesses and institutions
online news
online chat
weather services
Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
распространять товары (продукцию)
обеспечивать обслуживание клиентов
кроме того
взаимодействия между компаниями
обмениваться информацией
сложные базы данных
для голосовой и видео конференц-связи
другие формы связи
электронная почта
ускорять связь (коммуникацию) между компаниями
сотрудники
средства массовой информации
компании индустрии развлечений
передавать (транслировать) аудио и видео
радио в прямом эфире
телевизионная программа
осуществлять обсуждение
общаться с коллегами
выполнять исследование
рассылать (распространять) лекции и курсовые материалы
публиковать статьи
покупать и продавать товары и услуги
4. Read and translate the text
5. Define the term «e-commerce»?
6. Match A and B
A
1. Companies use the Internet
2. Institutions use the Internet
3. Scientists use the Internet
4. Individuals use the Internet
B
for electronic commerce
for advertising products
for selling and buying goods and services
for distributing products
for providing customer service
for business-to-business transactions
for institution-to-institution transactions
for exchanging financial information
for exchanging scientific information
for exchanging information
for accessing complex databases
for voice and video conferencing
for different forms of communication
for electronic mail
for online news
for weather services
for broadcasting audio and video
for broadcasting live radio and TV programs
for communication with colleagues
for communication with other people
for performing research
for distributing lecture notes to students
for distributing course materials to students
for publishing articles
for entertainment
for searching for information
7. Tell about the use of the Internet
8. Tell about the Internet according to the plan given
PLAN
From the history of the Internet.
How the Internet works
The Use of the Internet.
UNIT 16
ГЕРУНДИЙ
(THE GERUND)
Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, образованная с помощью окончания – ing и имеющая характеристики существительного и глагола.
ФОРМЫ ГЕРУНДИЯ
TENSE |
ACTIVE |
PASSIVE |
Indefinite |
writing |
being written |
Perfect |
having written |
having been written |
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ГЕРУНДИЯ
Герундий используется:
1) после глаголов:
admit deny go on
appreciate enjoy keep (on)
avoid excuse mind
burst out forgive postpone
cannot help give up resist
2) после глаголов и словосочетаний с предлогом:
to accuse of to be aware of
to approve of to be busy in
to complain of to be capable of
to feel like to be fond of
to insist on to be guilty of
to look like to be pleased at
to object to to be astonished at
to prevent from to be proud of
to rely on to be sure of
to speak of to be surprised at
to suspect of to be worth (while)
to succeed in to give up the idea of
to thank for to look forward to
to think of to miss an opportunity of
После следующих глаголов и словосочетаний используется как герундий, так и инфинитив:
to be afraid to forget to prefer
to begin to hate to propose
to start to intend to remember
to continue to like (to dislike) to recollect
can (cannot) afford to neglect to stop
ФУНКЦИИ ГЕРУНДИЯ
FUNCTION |
EXAMPLES |
1. Подлежащее |
Obtaining these data is necessary for our research. Получение этих данных необходимо для наших исследований. |
2. Часть сказуемого |
The only way out is searching for new methods. Единственный выход – это поиск новых методов. |
3. Дополнение
|
I love solving arithmetic problems. Я люблю решать арифметические задачки. |
4. Определение
|
There were the sounds of the discussion being heard behind the door. Слышались звуки обсуждения, доносящиеся из закрытой комнаты. |
5. Обстоятельство
|
On leaving the laboratory I switched the light off. Уходя из лаборатории, я выключил свет. |
ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПЕРЕВОДА
THE RULES OF TRANSLATION |
EXAMPLES |
1. именем существительным |
Reading is useful for everyone. Чтение полезно для каждого. |
2. неопределенной формой глагола
|
They should have been examined the machine again before putting it into operation. Им следовало проверить машину снова перед тем, как ее включить. |
3. деепричастием
|
And without waiting for the answer he left the room. И, не дожидаясь ответа, он вышел. |
4. придаточным предложением
|
I remember having used this method before. Я помню, что я уже использовал этот метод. |
EXERCISES
1. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the tense and voice distinctions of the gerunds.
1. He likes being invited to scientific conferences. 2. On returning home I found a message on my table. 3. He thinks of completing the experiment in time. 4. After having spoken with the advisor I cheered up. 5. He is afraid of getting bad marks that is why he is always busy in reading for his exams. 6. The machine needs repairing. 7. Everybody was surprised at seeing him here. 8. The students can improve their pronunciation by reading aloud. 9. He does not like being interrupted. 10. Excuse my having interrupted you. 11. It is impossible to discuss a picture without seeing or having seen it. 12. He succeeded in mastering his specialty. 13. Would you mind switching the light on? 14. Your having been late was unexpected. 15. His being late is a usual thing. 16. When will you finish reading this book? 17. We heard of his having been sent to the students’ conference. 18. I remember having seen this device at the laboratory. 19. We can calculate the perimeter of a circle by measuring its radius. 20. On being told the news, she showed no surprise. 21. Students master the subject matter not only by reading and learning, but also by proving theorems and solving problems.
2. Use gerund or infinitive in the following sentences.
1. He began (deliver) the lecture. 2. I couldn’t help (criticize) his point of view concerning the computer games. 3. I know that he intends (invite) me. 4. This book is worth (read). 5. He prefers (learn) the English words. 6. I don’t like (interfere). 7. I don’t like (interfere) with. 8. I feel like (show) you my latest publications. 9. I disliked (argue) with him. 10. I didn’t want (discuss) the problem. 11. He proposed (consult) the professor. 12. His proposal is worth (consider). 13. The student neglected (take) the dean’s advice. 14. It is no use (work) at this problem.
3. Use the necessary preposition.
1. I’ll look forward ______ seeing the results of calculations. 2. I thought ______ taking a trip after final examinations. 3. He is good _____ programming. 4. He succeeded _____ programming. 5. They insisted _____ my accepting the invitation to the conference. 6. He prevented her ___doing this work. 7. They accused me ____ being rude. 8. She was fond _____ reading English books in the original. 9. They were afraid____ being late. 10. I’m proud _____ having solved this problem. 11. I don’t know if he is capable _____ making decisions. 12. After half an hour he was tired _____ searching for information in the Internet. 13. We are sure___ his having passed the examination successfully. 14. Do you object ___ my taking part in the research? 15. I am busy ____ compiling the program. 15. She gave ___ thinking of that idea. 16. We rely ___ his coming in time. 17. We knew ___ his having done it. 18. It’s worth ____ discussing the phenomenon. 19. I was astonished ____ having heard the news. 20. I don’t approve ____your missing the classes.
TEXT 1
WHAT VIRUSES DO AND WHAT VIRUSES DON’T DO
Some viruses are programmed specifically to damage the data on your computer by corrupting programs, deleting files, or erasing your entire hard disk. Many of the currently known Macintosh viruses are not designed to do any damage. However, because of bugs (programming errors), an infected system may behave erratically. Computer viruses don’t infect files on write-protected disks and don’t infect documents, except in the case of Word macro viruses. They don’t infect compressed files either. However, applications within a compressed file can have been infected before they are compressed. Viruses also don’t infect computer hardware, such as monitors or computer chips; they only infect software. In addition, Macintosh viruses don’t infect DOS-based computer software. For example, the famous Michelangelo does not infect Macintosh applications. Again, exceptions to this rule are the Word and Excel macro viruses, which infect spreadsheets, document and templates, which can be opened by either Windows or Macintosh computers.
TASKS
Give Russian equivalents of the following words and transcribe them.
virus (n.)
specifically (adv.)
spreadsheet (n.)
template (n.)
Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations.
to damage the data
to corrupt programs
to delete files
to erase hard disk
programming errors
an infected system
to infect files
write-protected disks
in the case of
compressed files
in addition
DOS-based computer software
the Word and Excel macro viruses
to infect spreadsheets, document and templates
3. Translate the text into Russian in a written form. Then translate it into English.
ТЕКСТ 2