- Aposiopesis (breaking speech)

a sudden break in the narration – is a norm of exited oral speech. As an expressive mean it is used to indicate strong emotions paralyzing the character’s speech or a deliberate stop in the utterance to conceal its meaning.

She must leave – or – or, better yet – maybe drown herself – make away with herself in some way – or – that’s all. (Th.Dreiser)

What about the gold bracelet she’d been wearing that afternoon, the bracelet he’d never seen before and which she’d slipped off her wrist the moment she realized he was in the room? Had Steve given her that? And if he had… (P.Quentin)

- Asyndeton

a type of syntactical connection that offers no conjunctions or connecting words for this purpose. Asyndeton is used mostly to indicate tense, energetic, organized activities or to show a succession of minute, immediately following each other actions. Opening the story ( the passage, the chapter), asyndeton helps to give a laconic and at the same time detailed introduction into the action proper.

The pulsating motion of Malay Camp at night was everywhere. People sang. People cried. People fought. People loved. People hated. Others were sad. Others gay. Others with friends. Others lonely. Some died. Some were born. (P.Abrahams)

“Well, guess it’s about time to turn in.” He yawned, went out to look at the thermometer, slammed the door, patted her head, unbuttoned his waistcoat, yawned, wound the clock, went to look at the furnace, yawned, and clumped upstairs to bed, casually scratching his thick woolen undershirt. (S.Lewis)

3) Phonetic and graphical expressive means

- alliteration

deliberate repetition of the same (or acoustically similar) sounds and sound combinations. This expressive means is most frequent in poetry where it creates a certain melodic and emotional effect while enhancing the expressiveness of the utterance:

You lean, long, lanky lath of a lousey bastard… (S.O’Casey)

Seldom seen, soon forgotten.

The wicky, wacky, wocky bird,

He sings a song that can’t be heard…

He sings a song that can’t be heard.

The wicky, wacky, wocky bird.

The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse,

He built himself a little house…

But snug he lived inside the house,

The wicky, wacky, wocky mouse.

- assonance

deliberate repetition of the same (or acoustically similar) vowels in close succession aimed at creating a specific sound and contential effect:

Ah, distinctly I remember, it was in the bleak

December,

And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost

upon the floor.

Eagerly I wished the morrow; - vainly I had sought

to borrow

From my books surcease of sorrow – sorrow for me

lost Lenore –

For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels

name Lenore –

Nameless here for evermore. (E.Poe)

- onomatopoeia

deliberate repetition of sounds and their combinations which, to a certain degree, imitates natural sounds:

I hope it comes and zzzzzz everything before it. (Th.Wilder)

I had only this one year of working without shhh! (D.Cusack)

- graphon

graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities with deliberate violation of accepted spelling. It is characteristic of prose only and is used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation:

My daddy’s coming tomorrow on a nairplane. (J.Salinger)

Ford automobile operates on a rev-rev-a-lushun-ary principle. (J.Steinbeck)

Graphical expressive means serve to convey in the written form those emotions which in the oral speech are expressed by intonation and stress.

- emphatic use of punctuation

All types of punctuation can be used to reflect the emphatic intonation of the speaker. Emphatic punctuation is used in many syntactical expressive means – aposiopesis, rhetorical question, suspence etc. – and may be not connected with any other expressive means:

And there, drinking at the bar was – Finney! (R.Chandler)

- the changed type (italics, bold type, capitalization etc.)

- Oh, what’s the difference, Mother?

- Muriel, I want to know. (J.Salinger)

And it’s my bounding duty as a producer to resist every attack on the integrity of American industry to the last ditch. Yes – SIR! (S.Lewis)

Now listen, Ed, stop that, now! I’m desperate. I am desperate, Ed, do you hear? (Th.Dreiser)

- the changed spelling (multiplication, hyphenation etc.)

I r-r-r-ruin my character by remaining with a Ladyship so infame! (Ch.Dickens)

Don’t let the world pass you by, I shall tell them… For the sun, I shall say, open your eyes for that laaaarge sun… (A.Wesker)

The changed types or spelling are used to indicate the additional stress on the emphasized word or part of the word.