- •1 Higher Education in Belarus. Our University.
- •The role of knowledge and education in society.
- •Types of higher educational establishments in Belarus.
- •Forms of tuition at Belarusian higher educational establishments.
- •The Belarusian State Economic University: rules of enrolment, schools and conditions for studies, curricula, student life.
- •Institute of Social Liberal Education.
- •2. University Education in Great Britain and The usa.
- •2.1 The procedure of admission to Universities.
- •2.2 Types of Universities in Great Britain and the usa.
- •2.3 Peculiarities of the teaching process.
- •2.4 University degrees.
- •3. The Republic of Belarus.
- •3.1 Geographical position. Natural resources.
- •3.2 State and Government structure and bodies.
- •3.3 Belarusian economy: the economic system, sectors of economy: manufacturing, agriculture, services. Recent economic trends and problems.
- •4. Great Britain
- •4.1 Geographical Position. Natural Resources.
- •4.2 State and Government Structure and the main Bodies
- •4.3 The uk economy: past and present. The main sectors and industries, current trends in the economy.
- •4.4 The City of London
- •4.5 Great Britain and European Integration
- •5.1 The us geography.
- •5.2 Government structure: branches, their bodies and functions. Political parties.
- •5.3 National symbols.
- •5.4 The main public holidays.
- •5.5 The us economy as a mixed economy. The role of the government in the economy. The main sectors of the American economy: manufacturing, agriculture, services.
- •6. Environmental Issues.
- •6.1 Ecological problems caused by the development of civilization.
- •6.2 The consequences of the Chernobyl disaster.
- •6.3 International efforts in solving environmental problems.
- •6.4 The idea of sustainable development.
- •6.5 The Kyoto Protocol.
- •7. Economics as a Science.
- •7.1 The subject of economics.
- •7.2 Microeconomics and macroeconomics.
- •7.3 Three economics issues.
- •7.4 Economic system: market economy, command economy, mixed economy.
- •7.5 The role of money in economy: a brief history and functions of money.
- •8. Employment
- •8.1 Definition of employment and labour.
- •8.2 Types of employment: full-time, part-time work, flexi time arrangements, telecommuting (working from home), self-employment, ect.
- •8.3 Compensation for work.
- •8. 4 Problems at work (discrimination).
- •8.5 Looking for a job, recruitment.
- •9. Entrepreneurship and Small Business.
- •9.1 Keys to success in business.
- •8.2 The features of successful entrepreneurs. How to start one’s own business.
- •8.3 Franchising as a form of business.
- •10. Management as My Major.
- •11. Decision Making.
- •12. Planning.
10. Management as My Major.
The definition of management. The main functions and characteristics of a manager. Peter Drucker as a management guru. My specialization in management: Labor Management.
Our society is made up of all kinds of organizations, such as companies, government departments, unions, hospitals, schools, libraries and the like. And they all need managers. In most companies the activities of a manager depend on the level at which he/she is working. Top managers, such as the chairman and directors, will be more involved in long range planning, policy making, and the relations of the company with the outside world. Middle managers usually make the day-to-day decisions. Managers at this level spend a great deal of time communicating, coordinating and making decisions.
In 1916 Henry Fayol wrote a classic definition of manager’s role. He said that to manage is ‘’to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and to control’’. This definition is still accepted by many people today, but in that time people didn’t agree with Fayol. They said that instead of command a manager must motivate and lead other people.
An interesting modern view on managers is supplied by an American writer Mr. Peter Drucker. In his opinion, managers perform 5 basic operations:
1) managers set objectives. They decided what these should be and how the organization can achieve them. For this task they need analytical ability.
2) Managers organize. They must decide how the work is to be classified and divided. They must select people for their job to be done. For this they need understanding of human beings.
3) 3 task is to motivate and communicate effectively. They must be able to get people to work as a team, and to be as productive as possible. For this managers need social skills.
4) The 4-th activity is measurement. Managers have to measure the performance of the organization, and of its staff, in relation to that targets.
5) their five task is that managers develop people. They help to make to make people main productive and make them bigger and richer people. A good manager needs to be talented, well educated, communicative, and responsible and organize. He should be able to work on teams, have the ability to analyze complex problems, use time effectively.
Management is a new institution in human history and it has already become vitally important for the success of all kinds of business and of national economics. The role of the manager today is much different from what it was even 25 years ago. The manager must have a good understanding of management principles, be responsible and organize.
My specialty is Labor Management. On this specialty, students receive quality training in the field of Economics and Labor.
11. Decision Making.
The necessity of decision making in the work of manager. Types of decision that a manager has to make and their peculiarities: routine decisions, intuitive decisions, strategic decisions.
Decision making is a key management responsibility. There are many definitions of decision making. On the one hand DM is the process of choosing one course of action over another. On the other hand, DM is a business process that allocates goods and values in a system. There are different types of decisions.
Some decisions are of the routine kind. They are decisions which are made quickly and are based on judgment. Because a manager is experienced, he knows what to do in certain situation. He doesn’t have to think too much before taking action. Middle managers usually make routine decisions.
Other type of decisions is intuitive ones. They are not really rational. The manager may have a hunch or a gut feeling that a certain course of action is the right one.
Many decisions are more difficult to make because they involve problem-solving. They are strategic decisions. They affect on the future of the company. To make good decisions the manager should be able to select, rationally, a course of action. These decisions must be made quickly, with insufficient information.
The process of decision making consists of 7 phases:
At a first step manager must define the problem. And it is important that he doesn’t mistake the symptoms of a problem.
The second step is to collect and analyze information. Manager should decide what additional information is necessary before a decision can be taken. Getting the facts is essential in decision making.
At a third step, the manager should develop alternatives and analyze the probable outcome of each alternative. This is necessary because there are usually several ways of solving a problem
Then manager should decide on the best solution.
Before making a decision, the manager will carefully assess the options, considering the advantages and disadvantages of each one.
Having done this, he will have to take a decision. Then a manager should implement the decision.
After this he should evaluate the results.
Of course, managers seen out for best available solutions under existing constraints. They are time, salary, and information and organization culture.