- •New latin grammar
- •Charles e. Bennett
- •Preface.
- •Preface to the second edition.
- •From the preface to the first edition.
- •European members of the indo-european family.
- •Part I. Sounds, accent, quantity.
- •5. A. Quantity of Vowels.
- •Consonant changes[10]
- •Part II.
- •Inflections.
- •Chapter I.—Declension. A. Nouns.
- •Cases alike in Form.
- •Peculiarities of Nouns of the First Declension.
- •Greek Nouns.
- •Nouns in -vus, -vum, -quus.
- •Peculiarities of Inflection in the Second Declension.
- •Exceptions to Gender in the Second Declension.
- •Greek Nouns of the Second Declension.
- •I. Consonant-Stems.
- •III. Consonant-Stems that have partially adapted themselves to the Inflection of ĭ-Stems.
- •IV. Stems in -ī, -ū, and Diphthongs.
- •V. Irregular Nouns.
- •General Principles of Gender in the Third Declension.
- •Chief Exceptions to Gender in the Third Declension.
- •44. Exceptions to the Rule for Masculines.
- •45. Exceptions to the Rule for Feminines.
- •46. Exceptions to the Rule for Neuters.
- •Greek Nouns of the Third Declension.
- •Peculiarities of Nouns of the Fourth Declension.
- •Exceptions to Gender in the Fourth Declension.
- •Peculiarities of Nouns of the Fifth Declension.
- •Gender in the Fifth Declension.
- •Nouns used in the Singular only.
- •Nouns used in the Plural only.
- •Nouns used only in Certain Cases.
- •Indeclinable Nouns.
- •Heteroclites.
- •Heterogeneous Nouns.
- •Plurals with Change of Meaning.
- •B. Adjectives.
- •Nine Irregular Adjectives.
- •Adjectives of Three Terminations.
- •Adjectives of Two Terminations.
- •Adjectives of One Termination.
- •Irregular Comparison.
- •Defective Comparison.
- •Comparison by Magis and Maximē.
- •Adjectives not admitting Comparison.
- •Adverbs Peculiar in Comparison and Formation.
- •Declension of the Cardinals.
- •Peculiarities in the Use of Numerals.
- •C. Pronouns.
- •Chapter II.—Conjugation.
- •Formation of the Present Stem.
- •Formation of the Perfect Stem.
- •Formation of the Participial Stem.
- •First (ā-) Conjugation.
- •Second (ē-) Conjugation.
- •Third (Consonant) Conjugation.
- •Fourth Conjugation.
- •Part III. Particles.
- •Adverbs.
- •Prepositions.
- •2. Nouns derived from Nouns.
- •3. Nouns derived from Adjectives.
- •1. Adjectives derived from Verbs.
- •2. Adjectives derived from Nouns.
- •3. Adjectives derived from Adjectives.
- •4. Adjectives derived from Adverbs.
- •1. Verbs derived from Verbs.
- •2. Verbs derived from Nouns and Adjectives (Denominatives).
- •II. Compounds.
- •Form of interrogative sentences.
- •Subject and predicate.
- •Simple and compound sentences.
- •Chapter II.—Syntax of Nouns. Subject.
- •Predicate nouns.
- •Appositives.
- •The cases.
- •Accusative of the Person or Thing Affected.
- •Accusative of the Result Produced.
- •Two Accusatives—Direct Object and Predicate Accusative.
- •Two Accusatives—Person and Thing.
- •Two Accusatives with Compounds.
- •Synecdochical (or Greek) Accusative.
- •Accusative of Time and Space.
- •Accusative of Limit of Motion.
- •Accusative in Exclamations.
- •Accusative as Subject of the Infinitive.
- •Other Uses of the Accusative.
- •Dative of Indirect Object.
- •Dative of Reference.
- •Dative of Agency.
- •Dative of Possession.
- •Dative of Purpose or Tendency.
- •Dative with Adjectives.
- •Dative of Direction.
- •Memini, Reminīscor, Oblīvīscor.
- •Admoneō, Commoneō, Commonefaciō.
- •Verbs of Judicial Action.
- •Genitive with Impersonal Verbs.
- •Interest, Rēfert.
- •Genitive with Other Verbs.
- •Ablative of Separation.
- •Ablative of Source.
- •Ablative of Agent.
- •Ablative of Comparison.
- •Ablative of Means.
- •Ablative of Cause.
- •Ablative of Manner.
- •Ablative of Attendant Circumstance.
- •Ablative of Accompaniment.
- •Ablative of Association.
- •Ablative of Degree of Difference.
- •Ablative of Quality.
- •Ablative of Price.
- •Ablative of Specification.
- •Ablative Absolute.
- •Ablative of Place.
- •Ablative of Time.
- •Chapter III.—Syntax of Adjectives.
- •Agreement of adjectives.
- •235. Agreement with Two or More Nouns.
- •Adjectives used substantively.
- •Adjectives with the force of adverbs.
- •Comparatives and superlatives.
- •Other peculiarities.
- •Chapter IV.—Syntax of Pronouns. Personal pronouns.
- •Possessive pronouns.
- •Reflexive pronouns.
- •Reciprocal pronouns.
- •Demonstrative pronouns. Hīc, Ille, Iste.
- •Relative pronouns.
- •Indefinite pronouns.
- •Pronominal adjectives.
- •Chapter V.—Syntax of Verbs. Agreement. With One Subject.
- •With Two or More Subjects.
- •Voices.
- •Tenses.
- •Principal and Historical Tenses.
- •Present Indicative.
- •Imperfect Indicative.
- •Future Indicative.
- •Perfect Indicative.
- •Pluperfect Indicative.
- •Future Perfect Indicative.
- •Epistolary Tenses.
- •Sequence of Tenses.
- •Peculiarities of Sequence.
- •Method of Expressing Future Time in the Subjunctive.
- •The moods.
- •The Indicative in Independent Sentences.
- •The Subjunctive in Independent Sentences.
- •The Imperative.
- •Clauses of Purpose.
- •Clauses of Characteristic.
- •Clauses of Result.
- •Causal Clauses.
- •Temporal Clauses introduced by Postquam, Ut, Ubi, Simul ac, etc.
- •Temporal Clauses introduced by Cum.
- •Clauses introduced by Antequam and Priusquam.
- •Clauses introduced by Dum, Dōnec, Quoad.
- •Substantive Clauses.
- •A. Substantive Clauses developed from the Volitive.
- •B. Substantive Clauses developed from the Optative.
- •C. Substantive Clauses of Result.
- •D. Substantive Clauses introduced by Quīn.
- •E. Substantive Clauses Introduced by Quod.
- •F. Indirect Questions.
- •First Type.—Nothing Implied as to the Reality of the Supposed Case.
- •Second Type.—'Should'-'Would' Conditions.
- •Third Type.—Supposed Case Represented as Contrary to Fact.
- •Protasis expressed without Sī.
- •Use of Nisi, Sī Nōn, Sīn.
- •Conditional Clauses of Comparison.
- •Concessive Clauses.
- •Adversative Clauses with Quamvīs, Quamquam, etc.
- •Clauses with Dum, Modo, Dummodo, denoting a Wish or a Proviso.
- •Relative Clauses.
- •Indirect discourse (ōrātiō oblīqua).
- •Declarative Sentences.
- •Interrogative Sentences.
- •Imperative Sentences.
- •A. Tenses of the Infinitive.
- •B. Tenses of the Subjunctive.
- •Conditional Sentences of the First Type.
- •Conditional Sentences of the Second Type.
- •Conditional Sentences of the Third Type.
- •Noun and adjective forms of the verb.
- •Infinitive without Subject Accusative.
- •Infinitive with Subject Accusative.
- •Passive Construction of the Foregoing Verbs.
- •Use of Participles.
- •Gerundive Construction instead of the Gerund.
- •Chapter VI.—Particles. Coördinate conjunctions.
- •Chapter VII.—Word-order and Sentence-Structure. A. Word-order.
- •B. Sentence-structure.
- •Chapter VIII.-Hints on Latin Style.
- •Adjectives.
- •Pronouns.
- •Peculiarities in the use of the accusative.
- •Peculiarities in connection with the use of the dative.
- •Peculiarities in the use of the genitive.
- •Part VI. Prosody.
- •Quantity of vowels and syllables
- •Quantity of Final Syllables.
- •Verse-structure.
- •Inde torō || pater Aenēās || sīc ōrsus ab altō est.
- •Vergilium vīdī tantum, neo amāra Tibullō
- •Supplements to the grammar.
- •A. Figures of Syntax.
- •B. Figures of Rhetoric.
- •Index of the sources of the illustrative examples cited in the syntax.[63]
- •Abbreviations used in index to the illustrative examples
- •Index to the principal parts of the most important verbs
- •General index.
- •Footnotes
First (ā-) Conjugation.
120. I. PERFECT IN -VĪ.
amō |
amāre |
amāvī |
amātus |
love |
All regular verbs of the First Conjugation follow this model.
pōtō |
pōtāre |
pōtāvī |
pōtus (§ 114, 2) |
drink |
II. PERFECT IN -UĪ.
crepō |
crepāre |
crepuī |
crepitūrus |
rattle |
cubō |
cubāre |
cubuī |
cubitūrus |
lie down |
domō |
domāre |
domuī |
domitus |
tame |
fricō |
fricāre |
fricuī |
frictus and fricātus |
rub |
micō |
micāre |
micuī |
—— |
glitter |
dīmicō |
dīmicāre |
dīmicāvī |
dīmicātum (est)[41] |
fight |
ex-plicō |
explicāre |
explicāvī (-uī) |
explicātus (-itus) |
unfold |
im-plicō |
implicāre |
implicāvī (-uī) |
implicātus (-itus) |
entwine |
secō |
secāre |
secuī |
sectus |
cut |
sonō |
sonāre |
sonuī |
sonātūrus |
sound |
tonō |
tonāre |
tonuī |
—— |
thunder |
vetō |
vetāre |
vetuī |
vetitus |
forbid |
III. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF THE STEM VOWEL.
juvō |
juvāre |
jūvī |
jūtus |
help |
lavō |
lavāre |
lāvī |
lautus |
wash |
IV. PERFECT REDUPLICATED.
stō |
stāre |
stetī |
stātūrus |
|
V. DEPONENTS.
These are all regular, and follow mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum.
Second (ē-) Conjugation.
121. I. PERFECT IN -VĪ.
dēleō |
dēlēre |
dēlēvī |
dēlētus |
destroy |
fleō |
flēre |
flēvī |
flētus |
weep, lament |
com-pleō[42] |
complēre |
complēvī |
complētus |
fill up |
aboleō |
abolēre |
abolēvī |
abolitus |
destroy |
cieō[43] |
ciēre |
cīvī |
citus |
set in motion |
II. PERFECT IN -UĪ.
a. Type -eō, -ēre, -uī, -itus.
arceō |
arcēre |
arcuī |
keep off |
|
coerceō |
coercēre |
coercuī |
coercitus |
hold in check |
exerceō |
exercēre |
exercuī |
exercitus |
practise |
caleō |
calēre |
caluī |
calitūrus |
be warm |
careō |
carēre |
caruī |
caritūrus |
be without |
doleō |
dolēre |
doluī |
dolitūrus |
grieve |
habeō |
habēre |
habuī |
habitus |
have |
dēbeō |
dēbēre |
dēbuī |
dēbitus |
owe |
praebeō |
praebēre |
praebuī |
praebitus |
offer |
jaceō |
jacēre |
jacuī |
jacitūrus |
lie |
mereō |
merēre |
meruī |
meritus |
earn, deserve |
moneō |
monēre |
monuī |
monitus |
advise |
noceō |
nocēre |
nocuī |
nocitum (est) |
injure |
pāreō |
pārēre |
pāruī |
pāritūrus |
obey |
placeō |
placēre |
placuī |
placitūrus |
please |
taceō |
tacēre |
tacuī |
tacitūrus |
be silent |
terreō |
terrēre |
terruī |
territus |
frighten |
valeō |
valēre |
valuī |
valitūrus |
be strong |
NOTE 1.—The following lack the Participial Stem:— |
||||
egeō |
egēre |
eguī |
—— |
want |
ēmineō |
ēminēre |
ēminuī |
—— |
stand forth |
flōreō |
flōrēre |
flōruī |
—— |
bloom |
horreō |
horrēre |
horruī |
—— |
bristle |
lateō |
latēre |
latuī |
—— |
lurk |
niteō |
nitēre |
nituī |
—— |
gleam |
oleō |
olēre |
oluī |
—— |
smell |
palleō |
pallēre |
palluī |
—— |
be pale |
pateō |
patēre |
patuī |
—— |
lie open |
rubeō |
rubēre |
rubuī |
—— |
be red |
sileō |
silēre |
siluī |
—— |
be silent |
splendeō |
splendēre |
splenduī |
—— |
gleam |
studeō |
studēre |
studuī |
—— |
study |
stupeō |
stupēre |
stupuī |
—— |
be amazed |
timeō |
timēre |
timuī |
—— |
fear |
torpeō |
torpēre |
torpuī |
—— |
be dull |
vigeō |
vigēre |
viguī |
—— |
flourish |
vireō |
virēre |
viruī |
—— |
be green |
and others. |
|
|||
NOTE 2.—The following are used only in the Present System:— |
||||
aveō |
avēre |
—— |
—— |
wish |
frīgeō |
frīgēre |
—— |
—— |
be cold |
immineō |
imminēre |
—— |
—— |
overhang |
maereō |
maerēre |
—— |
—— |
mourn |
polleō |
pollēre |
—— |
—— |
be strong |
and others. |
|
|||
b. Type -eō, -ēre, -uī, -tus (-sus).
cēnseō |
cēnsēre |
cēnsuī |
cēnsus |
estimate |
doceō |
docēre |
docuī |
doctus |
teach |
misceō |
miscēre |
miscuī |
mixtus |
mix |
teneō |
tenēre |
tenuī |
—— |
hold |
So contineō and sustineō; but— |
||||
retineō |
retinēre |
retinuī |
retentus |
retain |
obtineō |
obtinēre |
obtinuī |
obtentus |
maintain |
torreō |
torrēre |
torruī |
tostus |
bake |
III. PERFECT IN -SĪ.
augeō |
augēre |
auxī |
auctus |
increase |
torqueō |
torquēre |
torsī |
tortus |
twist |
indulgeō |
indulgēre |
indulsī |
—— |
indulge |
lūceō |
lūcēre |
lūxī |
—— |
be light |
lūgeō |
lūgēre |
lūxī |
—— |
mourn |
jubeō |
jubēre |
jussī |
jussus |
order |
per-mulceō |
permulcēre |
permulsī |
permulsus |
soothe |
rīdeō |
rīdēre |
rīsī |
rīsum (est) |
laugh |
suādeō |
suādēre |
suāsī |
suāsum (est) |
advise |
abs-tergeō |
abstergēre |
abstersī |
abstersus |
wipe off |
ārdeō |
ārdēre |
ārsī |
ārsūrus |
burn |
haereō |
haerēre |
haesī |
haesūrus |
stick |
maneō |
manēre |
mānsī |
mānsūrus |
stay |
algeō |
algēre |
alsī |
—— |
be cold |
fulgeō |
fulgēre |
fulsī |
—— |
gleam |
urgeō |
urgēre |
ursī |
—— |
press |
IV. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH REDUPLICATION.
mordeō |
mordēre |
momordī |
morsus |
bite |
spondeō |
spondēre |
spopondī |
spōnsus |
promise |
tondeō |
tondēre |
totondī |
tōnsus |
shear |
pendeō |
pendēre |
pependī |
—— |
hang |
V. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.
caveō |
cavēre |
cāvī |
cautūrus |
take care |
faveō |
favēre |
fāvī |
fautūrus |
favor |
foveō |
fovēre |
fōvī |
fōtus |
cherish |
moveō |
movēre |
mōvī |
mōtus |
move |
paveō |
pavēre |
pāvī |
—— |
fear |
sedeō |
sedēre |
sēdī |
sessūrus |
sit |
videō |
vidēre |
vīdī |
vīsus |
see |
voveō |
vovēre |
vōvī |
vōtus |
vow |
VI. PERFECT IN -Ī WITHOUT EITHER REDUPLICATION OR LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.
ferveō |
fervēre |
(fervī, ferbuī) |
—— |
boil |
prandeō |
prandēre |
prandī |
prānsus (§ 114, 2) |
lunch |
strīdeō |
strīdēre |
strīdī |
—— |
creak |
VII. DEPONENTS.
liceor |
licērī |
licitus sum |
bid |
polliceor |
pollicērī |
pollicitus sum |
promise |
mereor |
merērī |
meritus sum |
earn |
misereor |
miserērī |
miseritus sum |
pity |
vereor |
verērī |
veritus sum |
fear |
fateor |
fatērī |
fassus sum |
confess |
cōnfiteor |
cōnfitērī |
cōnfessus sum |
confess |
reor |
rērī |
ratus sum |
think |
medeor |
medērī |
—— |
heal |
tueor |
tuērī |
—— |
protect |