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Grammar 1 noun

  • Nouns can be abstract (love, freedom, etc.), proper (John, Asia, etc.), or common (chair, table, dress, girl, etc.).

  • Most nouns that refer to jobs, social status, etc. have the same form for men (masculine) and women (feminine) e.g. doctor, teacher, etc. When we refer to ships, vehicles (when regarded with affection and respect) and countries, we consider them feminine.

Other have different forms:

actor – actress

king - queen

bachelor - spinster

lion - lioness

barman – barmaid

monk - nun

conductor – conductress

nephew – niece

(bride)groom – bride

prince - princess

dog – bitch

policeman – policewoman

duke – duchess

ram – ewe [ju:]

emperor –empress

stallion - mare

heir – heiress

tiger - tigress

gentleman – lady

uncle – aunt

hero – heroine

waiter - waitress

host – hostess

widower - widow

  • Nouns can be countable (those that can be counted) e.g. 1 book – 2 books or uncountable (those that can’t be counted) e.g. bread, furniture.

  • Countable nouns have singular and plural forms. Nouns are made plural by adding:

  • -s to the nouns (cat - cats);

  • -es to the nouns ending in –ch, -s, -sh, -ss, -x (torch – torches, bus –buses, bush – bushes, glass – glasses, box - boxes);

  • -ies to the nouns ending in consonant + y (baby – babies, lady – ladies, etc), but –s to the nouns ending in vowel + y (day – days, boy – boys, etc.);

  • -es to the nouns ending in –o (tomato - tomatoes), BUT: -s to the nouns ending in: vowel + o (video – videos); double o (zoo - zoos); abbreviations (photograph/photo -photos); musical instruments (piano -pianos) and proper nouns. Note that some nouns can end both in –s and –es: buffalos / buffaloes; mosquitos / mosquitoes; volcanos / volcanoes; zeros / zeroes; tornado / tornadoes, etc.

  • -ves to some nouns ending in –f/fe (self – selves, wife - wives); BUT: chiefs, cliffs, roofs, safes.

  • Composed nouns are nouns that are made of two or more parts and are formed as follows:

  • noun + noun. The plural is formed by adding –s/-es to the second noun (schoolboy – schoolboys, ticket inspector – ticket inspectors);

  • -ing form / adjective + noun. The plural is formed by adding –s / -es to the noun (swimming pool – swimming pools, greenhouse - greenhouses);

  • noun + in-law. The plural is formed by adding –s / -es to the noun (sister-in-law – sisters-in-law);

  • noun + adverb. The plural is formed by adding –s / -es to the noun (runner-up – runners-up);

  • verb + adverb particle. The plural form is formed by adding –s / es to the word (breakthrough - breakthroughs).

  • Irregular Plurals: man – men, woman – women, foot – feet, tooth –teeth, louse – lice, mouse – mice, child – children, goose – geese, person – people (But: peoples = ethnic groups), ox – oxen, sheep – sheep, deer – deer, fish – fish (also: fishes), trout – trout, salmon – salmon, spacecraft – spacecraft, aircraft – aircraft, species – species, hovercraft – hovercraft.

  • Some nouns of Greek and Latin origin form their plural by adding Greek or Latin suffixes (basis – bases, crisis – crises, criterion – criteria, medium – media, terminus – termini, etc.).

  • Plural Nouns are the nouns that can be used only in the plural form:

  • objects consisting of two parts: garments (pyjamas, trousers), instruments (binoculars), tools (pliers, scissors);

  • arms, ashes, barracks, clothes, congratulations, earrings, (good) looks, outskirts, people, police, premises, riches, stairs, surroundings, wages (Where are my clothes?)

Group nouns (army, audience, class, club, committee, company, council, crew, headquarter, family, jury, government, press, public, staff, team, etc.) can take either a singular or a plural verb depending on whether we see the group as a whole or as individuals. (The team was chosen as the most promising. The team were given bonuses for their performance.)

 Uncountable nouns take a singular verb and are not used with a / an. Some, any, much, no can be used with them (e.g. Milk comes from cows. I need some food.)

Uncountable nouns are:

  • mass nouns (fluids, solids, food, gases, particles) beer, blood, bread, air, oxygen, corn, flour, etc;

  • subjects of study: accountancy, chemistry, economics, history, literature, mathematics, physics, etc;

  • languages: Chinese, French, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, etc;

  • sports: baseball, billiards, cricket, cycling, darts, football, etc.;

  • diseases: chickenpox, flu, measles, mumps, pneumonia, tuberculoses, etc;

  • natural phenomena: darkness, fog, gravity, hail, snow, sunlight, etc;

  • some other nouns: accommodation, advice, anger, applause, assistance, behaviour, business, chaos, countryside, courage, dirt, education, equipment, evidence, fun, hair, homework, housework, information, intelligence, knowledge, luck, music, news, peace, progress, research, seaside, shopping, traffic, truth, wealth, weather, work, etc.

  • collective nouns: baggage, crockery, cutlery, furniture, jewellery, litter, luggage, machinery, money, rubbish, stationary.

Note 1.with expressions of duration, distance or money meaning ‘a whole amount’ we use a singular verb (Five thousand pounds was too much to lose in a casino.)

Note 2. We use a / an, one, two etc. with uncountable nouns such as coffee, tea, beer, etc. when we order something in a restaurant, cafe, etc. (We’ll have three beers, please.)

  • Many uncountable nouns can be made countable: a piece of advice / cake / furniture / information / paper; a glass / bottle of beer / water / wine; a jar of jam; a rasher of bacon; a pint of beer; a sheet of paper; a packet of tea; a slice / loaf of bread; a pot / cup of tea; a tube of toothpaste; a bar of chocolate; a bit / piece of chalk; an ice cube; a lump of sugar; a bag of flour; a pair of trousers; a game of chess; an item / piece of news; a drop / can of oil; a can of Coke; a carton of milk, etc.

Some nouns can be used as countable or uncountable with a difference in meaning.

- Would you like a glass of lemonade?

- Tina can’t see without her glasses. (spectacles)

- The vase is made of glass. (material)

- He went to the newsagent’s to buy a paper. (newspaper)

- He wrote my phone number on a piece of paper. (material)

- Don’t forget to bring all necessary papers. (documents)

- Susan has got short, dark hair. (all the hair on her head)

- There’s a hair in my soup!

- I’ve bought an iron as a wedding gift for Tom and Jane. (for ironing clothes)

- The fence is made of iron. (material)

- You shouldn’t eat too much chocolate.

- We gave her a box of chocolates. (chocolate sweets)

- The room is a mess!

- We haven’t got enough room to put you up. (space)

- The table is made of wood. (material)

- A lot of wolves live in the woods. (forest)

- Mr. Davis has a lot of experience in accounting. (length of time doing it)

- He had a few of unpleasant experiences while living abroad. (events)

- I haven’t got any time to lose.

- How many times did Tom phone? (occasions)

1. Write the plural of the following words.

1. toy -

8. church -

15. party -

22. brush -

2. fox -

9. thief -

16. window -

23. cello -

3. potato -

10. fly -

17. foot -

24. louse -

4. knife -

11. tooth -

18. life -

25. cliff -

5. kilo -

12. medium -

19. passer – by -

26. sheep -

6. donkey -

13. shelf -

20. country -

27. ox -

7. man -

14. memo -

21. crisis-

28. kiss -

2. Complete each pair below by adding the male or female equivalent.

1. husband -

15. uncle -

2. – lady

16. – niece

3. emperor -

17. policeman -

4. hero -

18. – landlady

5. count -

19. bridegroom -

6. – spinster

20. – hostess

7. father -

21. monk -

8. – duchess

22. – actress

9. heir -

23. conductor -

10. – manageress

24. barman -

11. salesman -

25. – stewardess

12. – queen

26. lion -

13. prince -

27. – waitress

14. – widow

28. dog -

3. Fill in a, an or some where necessary.

A. 1. We booked ...... room in the Grand Hotel. 2. The police found ....... glass from the broken window on the grass. 3. There is ...... room for five people in my car. 4. She usually drinks ...... glass of orange juice in the morning. 5. There was ..... hair in my plate. 6. I need ...... paper to write my notes on. 7. She has ..... long blonde hair. 8. The Eiffel Tower is made of ......... iron. 9. He decided to buy ...... paper to read on the train. 10. I have got ..... iron, but it is very old.

B. 1. a) We had .... delicious food last night. b) We had .... delicious meal last night. 2. a) There is .... beautiful furniture in that shop. b) There’s ... beautiful table in that shop. 3. a) I’m thirsty. I need ... drink. b) I’m thirsty. I need ... water. 4. a) She’s just bought ... expensive clothes. b) She’s just bought .... expensive dress. 5. a) They booked ... room in advance. b) They booked ... accommodation in advance. 6. a) The band played ... lovely music. b) The band played ... lovely song. 7. a) We had ... heatwave last week. b) We had ... hot weather last week. 8. a) I can’t do this job alone. I need ... assistant. b) I can’t do this job alone. I need ... help. 9. a) He has got ... heavy luggage to carry. b) He has got ... heavy suitcase to carry. 10. a) I need ... cutlery to eat this food with. b) I need .... knife and fork to eat this food with. 11. a) She has got ... important job to do. b) She has got ... important work to do. 12. a) He found ... coin on the ground. b) He found .... money on the ground.

4. Complete the sentences using the noun in brackets in the singular or plural form and a/an where necessary.

1. He gave me a box of my favourite .............. (chocolate). 2. My favourite food is ................ (chocolate). 3. She bought .............. (paper) on her way to work. 4. He placed all the important ............. (paper) in his briefcase. 5. I need .............. (paper) to write this message on. 6. Hurry up! We don’t have much ........... (time). 7. He has visited us several ........... (time) this morning. 8. He has no ............ (experience), but he is keen to learn. 9. He had a lot of ....................... (experience) during his travels. 10. We went for a walk in the .................... (wood) after lunch. 11. His desk is made of ................ (wood). 12. Jane is in her ........... (room) reading a book. 13. We’ve got plenty of .............(room) for a party in here. 14. I’m going to have my ........... (hair) cut tomorrow. 15. There was ............. (hair) in my tea. 16. I’m thirsty. I need ............ (glass) of water. 17. Susan only wears ........... her (glass) when she reads. 18. This ornament is made of coloured ........... (glass). 19. Helen bought ............ (iron) in the sale at the electrical store. 20. The old gate was made of ............. (iron).

5. Underline the correct verb form.

1. Mathematics is/are my favourite subject. 2. Your bathroom scales is/are not very accurate. 3. Table-tennis is/are sometimes referred to as ping-pong. 4. $2.000 is/are far too expensive for that stereo. 5. The police is/are coming to the rescue. 6. Paper is/are made from wood. 7. Children like/likes playing games. 8. The scissors don’t/doesn’t work well. 9. These trousers is/are terribly dirty. 10. Education is/are considered to be very important for almost everyone. 11. Most people worry/worries about the effect of pollution on the environment. 12. The rubbish has/have been taken away. 13. Water is/are necessary for plants to grow. 14. When I’m ill, my hair become/becomes greasy. 15. The information is/are inaccurate. 16. Binoculars is/are needed to see that far. 17. His luggage was/were left on the platform. 18. The stairs is/are very dangerous. 19. Mumps is/are contagious. 20. His experience is/are limited.

6. Fill in is or are.

1. Be careful! Those scissors ...... very sharp. 2. Physics ...... John’s favourite subject at school. 3. The police ...... investigating the crime. 4. Those trousers ..... too big for me. 5. The stairs in my house ........ made of wood. 6. His new furniture ...... very modern. 7. The weather ...... going to be bad this weekend. 8. My advice .... that you get a new job. 9. His new clothes ....... very fashionable. 10. The team ..... all training hard for Saturday’s match. 11. The money in the box ....... for this week’s shopping. 12. My pajamas ...... not on my bed. 13. Measles ...... a childhood disease. 14. My luggage ..... in the car. 15. Your hair ...... very long again. 16. Tom’s gloves ....... made of soft leather. 17. The class ...... all working on the project together. 18. Athletics ..... my favourite sport. 19. My shoes ....... too small for me. 20. The news ...... very exiting.

7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate noun + of to indicate quantity.

1. a............................. orange juice

6. a ........................... chocolate

2. a ............................... bread

7. a ............................ cheese

3. a...............................coffee

8. a ............................ honey

4. a............................... water

9. a ........................... meat

5. a............................. ....wine

19. a ........................... flour

8. A. Write the plural of the following nouns.

1. wolf -

7. dictionary -

2. basis-

8. phenomenon -

3. father-in-law -

9. mouse -

4. safe -

10. crisis -

5. workbook -

11. criterion -

6. breakdown -

12. deer -

B. Underline the correct word.

1. A: I have a Math exam tomorrow. B: Oh dear. Mathematics is/are a very difficult subject. 2. A: My office is three miles from my house. B: Three miles is/are a long way to walk. 3. A: My little brother has got measles. B: Oh dear. Measles is/are a very serious illness. 4. A: Jane looks nice today, doesn’t she? B: Yes. Her clothes is/are very smart. 5. A: I’ve got two pounds. I’m going to buy a CD. B: Two pounds is/are not enough to buy a CD. 6. A: The classroom was empty when I walked past. B: Yes. The class was/were all on a street outing. 7. A: Have you just cleaned the stairs? B: So be careful. The stairs is/are slippery. 8. A: Did you ask John to fix your car? B: Yes. His advice was/were that I take it to a garage. 9. A: Did you enjoy your holiday? B: Yes, thank you. The weather was/were wonderful. 10. A: These trousers is/are very old. B: You should buy a new pair. 11. A: How is/are the company doing lately? B: Great! We opened up two new branches. 12. A: I am going to travel for two years when I finish school. B: Two years is/are a long time to be away from home.

9. Translate into English.

1. Ножиці дуже гострі. Обережно. 2. Де гроші? – Вони на столі. 3. Мої нові меблі дуже сучасні. 4. Сходи в моєму домі зроблені з дерева. 6. Він дуже розумна людина. Звертайся до нього за порадами. 7. Кір – дитяча хвороба. 8. а) Її волосся знову довге. б) У тебе волосинка на комірці. 9. Три роки – дуже довгий період для того, щоб бути безробітним. 10. Моєї піжами немає на ліжку. Ти не бачила де вона? 11. а) Уся команда дуже наполегливо тренується до недільного матчу. б) Наша команда – переможниця цьогорічного чемпіонату. 12. Ви дзвонили в поліцію? – Поліція вже тут. 13. Дизайнерський одяг дуже дорогий. 14. Новини не дуже приємні. 15. У кімнаті дуже багато людей. 16. а) У мене є праска. б) Столові прибори зроблені із заліза. 17. а) Мої окуляри старі. б) Дайте мені склянку соку. в) Вікна робляться із скла. 18. а) Мені потрібен папір для нотаток. б) Дай мені газету. с) Де я поклав свої документи? 19. П’ять кілограмів – невелика вага, щоб нести. 20. Свинка – інфекційна хвороба.