Working on the text

Ex.5. Pronounce the words correctly:

physics, experimental, quantitative, measurement, objective, fundamental, phenomena, to predict, mathematics, theory, discrepancy, to formulate, satisfactory, to discover, accurately, comparable, light, relativity, to approach, hence, mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism,

originator, calculus, electricity, magnetism, apparatus, unavailable, era, quantum, to revolutionize, microscopic, macroscopic, distinguished, atomic, chemistry, geology, biology, engineering, numerous, micro-circuitry, sophisticated, technique, term, challenging, glitch, length, accessible, to yield, quantity, electric, luminous.

Ex.6. Read and translate the following text. Divide it into logical parts. Entitle each of these parts:

TEXT

What is physics?

Like all other sciences, physics is based on experimental observations and quantitative measurements. The main objective of physics is to find the limited number of fundamental laws that govern natural phenomena and to use them to develop theories that can predict the results of future experiments. The fundamental laws used in developing theories are expressed in the language of mathematics, the tool that provides a bridge between theory and experiment.

When a discrepancy between theory and experiment arises, new theories must be formulated to remove the discrepancy. Many times a theory is satisfactory only under limited conditions; a more general theory might be satisfactory without such limitations. For example, the laws of motion discovered by Isaac Newton (1642–1727) in the 17^th century accurately describe the motion of bodies at normal speeds but do not apply to objects moving at speeds comparable with the speed of light. In contrast, the special theory of relativity developed by Albert Einstein (1879–1955) in the early 1900s gives the same results as Newton’s laws at low speeds but also correctly describes motion at speeds approaching the speed of light. Hence, Einstein’s is a more general theory of motion.

Classical physics, which means all of the physics developed before 1900, includes the theories, concepts, laws, and experiments in classical mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. Important contributions to classical physics were provided by Newton, who developed classical mechanics as a systematic theory and was one of the originators of calculus as a mathematical tool. Major developments in mechanics continued in the 18^th century, but the fields of thermodynamics and electricity and magnetism were not developed until the latter part of the 19^th century, principally because before that time the apparatus for controlled experiments was either too crude or unavailable.

A new era in physics, usually referred to as modern physics, began near the end of the 19^th century. Modern physics developed mainly because of the discovery that nobody could explain a lot of physical phenomena by classical physics. The two most important developments in modern physics were the theories of relativity and quantum mechanics. Einstein’s theory of relativity revolutionized the traditional concepts of space, time, and energy; quantum mechanics, which applies to both the microscopic and macroscopic worlds, was originally formulated by a number of distinguished scientists to provide descriptions of physical phenomena at the atomic level.

Scientists constantly work at improving our understanding of phenomena and fundamental laws, and new discoveries are made every day. In many research areas, a great deal of overlap exists between physics, chemistry, geology, and biology, as well as engineering. Some of the most notable developments are: (1) numerous space missions and the landing of astronauts on the Moon, (2) micro-circuitry and high-speed computers, and (3) sophisticated imaging techniques used in scientific research and medicine. The impact such developments and discoveries have had on our society has indeed been great, and it is very likely that future discoveries and developments will be just as exciting and challenging and of great benefit to humanity.

Everybody must know that the laws of physics are expressed in terms of basic quantities that require a clear definition. In mechanics, the three basic quantities are length (L), mass (M), and time (T). All other quantities in mechanics can be expressed in terms of these three.

If we are to report the results of a measurement to someone who wishes to reproduce this measurement, a standard must be defined. It would be meaningless if a visitor from another planet were to talk to us about a length of 8 “glitches” if we do not know the meaning of the unit glitch. On the other hand, if someone familiar with our system of measurement reports that a wall is 2 meters high and our unit of length is defined to be 1 meter, we know that the height of the wall is twice our basic length unit. Likewise, if we are told that a person has a mass of 75 kilograms and our unit of mass is defined to be 1 kilogram, then that person is 75 times as massive as our basic unit. Whatever is chosen as a standard must be readily accessible and possess some property that can be measured reliably—measurements taken by different people in different places must yield the same result.

In 1960, an international committee established a set of standards for length, mass, and other basic quantities. The system established is an adaptation of the metric system, and it is called the SI system of units. (The abbreviation SI comes from the French name “Systėme International.”) In this system, the units of length, mass, and time are the meter, kilogram, and second, respectively. Other SI standards established by the committee are those for temperature (the kelvin), electric current (the ampere), luminous intensity (the candela), and the amount of substance (the mole). In our study of mechanics people are concerned not only with the units of length, mass, and time.

Ex.7. Translate the following word combinations into Russian:

experimental observations, quantitative measurements, main objective, natural phenomena, to predict the results of smth., language of mathematics, to remove the discrepancy, the laws of motion, to describe accurately, speeds comparable with, theory of relativity, important contribution, to provide contribution, originators of calculus, physical phenomena, to revolutionize the traditional concepts, research areas, the most notable developments, high-speed computers, sophisticated imaging techniques, to have an impact on, to be of great benefit, to reproduce the measurement, system of measurement, to possess some property, to yield the result, a set of standards, the metric system, electric current, luminous intensity, the amount of substance.

Ex.8. Translate the definitions into Russian. Find in the text terms (nouns) defined by these definitions:

1. the act of watching smb/smth carefully for a period of time, especially to learn smth.;

2. the act or process of moving or the way smth moves;

3. the science of numbers and shapes;

4. the scientific study of forces such as heat, light, sound, etc., of relationships between them, and how they affect objects;

5. the science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy;

6. the science of movement and force;

7. a form of energy from charged elementary particles, usually supplied as electric current through cables, wires etc.;

8. the science studying the structure of substances, how they react when combined or in contact with one other and how they behave under different conditions.

Ex.9. Answer the following questions:

1. What acts of science is physics based on?

2. What is the main objective of physics?

3. Who discovered the laws of motion in the 17^th cenеury?

4. Do these laws apply to objects moving at speeds comparable with the speed of light?

5. Albert Einstein developed the special theory of relativity, didn’t he?

6. What theories, concepts, laws, and experiments does classical physics include?

7. Did major developments in mechanics continue in the 17^th century or the 18^th century?

8. What century did scientists develop fields of thermodynamics and electricity and magnetism?

9. When did a new era in physics, usually referred to as modern physics, begin?

10. What were the two most important developments in modern physics?

11. What are the three basic quantities in mechanics?

12. In 1960, an international committee established a set of standards for length, mass, and other basic quantities, didn’t it?

13. Does the abbreviation SI come from French or Italian?

14. Did the International Committee establish standards for temperature, electric current luminous intensity and the amount of substance?

Ex.10. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1. Physics is based on experimental observations and quantitative measurements.

2. The fundamental laws used in developing theories are expressed in the language of mathematics.

3. The laws of motion were discovered by Michael Faraday.

4. The special theory of relativity was developed by Albert Einstein at the end of the 19^th century.

5. Classical physics includes only theories, concepts and laws in classical mechanics and electromagnetism.

6. Isaac Newton developed classical mechanics as a systematic theory.

7. The fields of thermodynamics and electricity and magnetism were not developed until the latter part of the 18^th century.

8. A new era in physics, usually referred to as modern physics, began near the end of the 19^th century.

9. The famous theory of relativity was the only most important development in modern physics.

10. In many research areas a great deal of overlap exists between physics, chemistry, geology, biology and engineering.

11. In mechanics the three basic quantities are length, mass and time.

12. An international committee established a set of standards for length, mass, and other basic quantities in 1955.

Ex.11. Translate into English:

1. Язык математики – это основной язык фундаментальных законов физики.

2. Великий английский физик Исаак Ньютон первым в мире описал движение тел с нормальной скоростью.

3. В начале 20 века Альберт Эйнштейн открыл теорию относительности, в которой он описал движение тел со скоростью, близкой к скорости света.

4. Классическая физика объединяет в себе все теории, законы и понятия физики, открытые до начала 20 века.

5. Эти три студенты на прошлой неделе выступили с докладами по теории относительности и законам квантовой механики. Нам понравились все три доклада.

6. Я не помню, что изучает квантовая механика. – Квантовая механика изучает физические явления на уровне атомов.

7. Знаешь ли ты, что три основные физические величины – это длина, масса и время? – Конечно, я уже в школе знал об этом. – Молодец!

8. Влияние на общество этих открытий в физике очень велико.

9. Можете ли Вы точно описать нам это физическое явление?

10. Пожалуйста, измерьте длину, высоту и массу этого металлического предмета.

Ex.12. Read and translate the following text. Divide it logical parts. Entitle each of these parts:

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