Religion

Montreal - г. Монреаль to convert (to, into) - обращать (в другую веру) Hinduism - Индуизм Islam - Ислам the Sikhs - Сикхи Roman Catholics - 46% Protestants - 41% Catholics are a majority since Canada was settled by Catholics of France and Ireland. Protestants came from England and Scotland. Since Canada's population is varied there are almost all the world's regions presented there:

Judaism (the considerable Jewish community in Montreal, Toronto and Winnipeg)

Hinduism and Islam (have been brought to Canada by more recent immigration)

Buddhism (has been brought to Vancouver and Toronto by the Chinese)

The Sikhs came from India's Punjab province to settle in Vancouver (It is the largest Sikh population outside India) Canada also has small traditional religious sects in rural areas: -        The Mennonites  [a protestant sect founded in the 16th century in the Netherlands by Menno Simmons] -        Doukhabors  [a Christian group of Russian origin. The Doukhobors were one of the sects - later defined as a religious philosophy, ethnic group, social movement, or simply a "way of life" - known generically as Spiritual Christianity. Assimilated to a various extent into the Canadian mainstream, the modern descendants of the first Canadian Doukhobors continue to live in south-eastern British Columbia, southern Alberta and Saskatchewan. Today, the estimated population of Doukhobors is over 20,000 - 15,000 in Canada] Though there are a lot of religions in Canada, the role of formal religion is diminishing. Fewer people attend churches. Most of the National Indians have been converted into Catholicism. But nowadays there is a small but growing movement back to the original spiritual beliefs of the Native Indians. 

CANADA.EDUCATION

public school - государственная школа "separate" (denominational) school - школа с учащимися одного вероисповедания private school - частная школа post-secondary education - образование после окончания средней школы to be publicly funded - финансироваться из гос. фондов registration fee - плата за регистрацию  the Department of education - министерство образования local school board - местные отделы народного образования guideline - директива, руководящее указание dependant - иждивенец  armed forces personnel - личный состав ВС inmates of federal penal institutions (prisoners) - лица, содержащиеся (находящиеся) в федеральных исправительных учреждениях the Canada Student Loans Program - канадская программа займов студентам bursary (scholarship) - стипендия Canada millennium scholarships - стипендиальная программа в честь нового тысячелетия introductory arts to science - вводный курс в искусство и науку a community college - местный колледж (большинство студентов живут дома) a graduation examination - выпускной экзамен to be licensed - получить право, разрешение, лицензию 1.        affiliation - членство, принадлежность к организации 2.        присоединение, принятие в члены government subsidy - гос. Субсидия neurology - неврология breakthrough - достижение, переворот в науке insulin - инсулин per capita (spending) - эк. На душу населения to be under scrutiny - подвергнуться тщательному исследованию, проверке illiterate - безграмотный. необразованный Since Education is a provincial responsibility in Canada (provincial legislatures make laws in education), the educational system varies from province to province.  It includes: -        6 to 8 years of elementary school -        - 4 to 5 years of secondary (high) school -        3 to 4 yeas at the university undergraduate level Education in Canada consists of 10 provincial and territorial systems, including: -  free public and "separate" (denominational) schools -  private schools Children are required by law to attend school from the age of 6 to 7 until they are 15 or 16/ (schooling is compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 16 with some variations) Public schools are publicly funded, so public education through secondary (or high) school is free. Most post secondary schools, however charge tuition fees, with the exception of Quebec, where general and vocational colleges (post-secondary schools by nature) are also publicly funded, they require only a minimalregistration fee. Responsibilities in Education Unlike many other industrialized countries, Canada has no Federal educational system: for the Constitution vested the exclusive responsibility for education in the provinces.  Each provincial system is: -        on the one hand similar to the others, but -        on the other hand reflects its particular region, history and culture/ There is the Department of education in each province. It is headed by an elected (not appointed) minister. The Department: - sets educational standards - draws curriculums - gives grants to educational institutions Responsibility for the administration of elementary 2 secondary schools is delegated to local school boards or commissions, which are elected. The boards: -        set budgets -        hire teachers and negotiate with them -        shapes school curriculums with provincial guideline.         Federal government's role in education Since there is no federal educational system, the federal government plays an indirect role in education, but in some instances its role is vital. The federal government provides financial support for: -        post-secondary education -        labor market training -        the teaching of the two official languages (especially second-language training) In addition it is responsible for the education of: -        aboriginals  -        armed forces personnel and their dependants -        inmates of federal penal institutions Overall, the federal government pays over one-fifth (more than 20%) of Canada's yearly educational bill. One important part of the federal governmental contribution to education is the Canada student Loans program, which assists students who do not have sufficient resources for their studies. Provinces have complimentary (additional) programs of loans and bursaries. Another federal initiative is Canada Millennium scholarships. It took effect in the year 2000. The federal government allocated $2,5 billion for this program to provide scholarships to more than 100,000 students each year over 10 years. (This represents the largest single investment the federal government has ever made in support of universal access to post-secondary education. Scholarships average $3,000 a year, and individuals can receive up to $15,000 over a maximum of four academic years.) Elementary to secondary education In some provinces children can enter kindergarten at the age of 4 before starting the elementary grades at age 6. The elementary curriculum emphasizes the basic subjects of: - language - math - social studies - introductory arts and science In general, high school programs consist of two streams: 1.        the first prepares student for university 2.        the second is for post-secondary education at: - a community college - institute of technology  - a work place (There are also special programs for students unable to complete the conventional courses of study.) In most provinces, individual schools set, conduct to mark their own examinations. (Exam requirements vary from school to school) In some provinces, however, there are certain common requirements for a graduation examination. To students must pass a gradational examination in certain key subjects in order to proceed to the post-secondary level. University entrance depends on course selection and marks in high school, entrance requirements vary from province to province. Besides public schools, there are separate schools as well as private schools in Canada. Separate schools are established in some provinces by religious groups. Separate are mostly Roman Catholic. Both public and separate schools are free. Private or independent schools offer a great variety of curriculum options based on religion, language or academic status. Teacher training Generally includes at least 4 or 5 years of study. To get a Bachelor of Education degree a person must graduate from a university (complete his/her university course) plus he/she must spend an additional year of educational studies. Teachers are licensed by the provincial departments of education. Post-secondary education For most Canada's history, post-secondary education was provided almost exclusively by its universities. (For a long time universities had practically been the only higher educational institutions, many with religious affiliation).  But there was a demand for greater variety in post-secondary education, which rose sharply in the middle of the 20th century. And during the 1960's systems of public non-university institutions began to develop.    Today Canada's post-secondary educational system comprises:  - about 100 universities - some 200 technical institutes and community colleges. Most post-secondary institutions are fee-paying. But in general student fees, owing to substantial governmental subsidies, account for only about 11% of the cost of the country's post-secondary education.  Canada's universities are internationally known for the quality of their teaching and research. Examples include theneurological breakthroughs at McGill University and the discovery of insulin at the University of Toronto by a group of scientists. (Women are well represented in thru universities: they receive more than half of all degrees conferred). Problems Canadians are proud of their education and their pride is not without ground: Canada maintains high level of governmental investment in their education and ranks among the world's leader in per capita spending on public education. Canadians believe that the quality of education is directly related to thigh standard of living that the educational level is high for almost half the population over the age of 15 has some post-secondary schooling. But still there are some problems. The education system has been under constant strutting in recent years.  High School leavers have been found to perform (to fare) poorly in international testing. Students leaving high school have been called essentially illiterate by universities. Business leaders consider them poorly prepared for jobs in industry. Universities New Brunswick (Fredericton, 1785) Dalhousie (Halifax, 1818) McGill (Montreal, 1821) Toronto (1827) Laval (Quebec, 1852) Montreal (1876)

CANADA.STATE SYSTEM.QUEBEC’S STATUS.

Governor General - генерал-губернатор to delegate one's powers to smb - передавать, делегировать полномочия кому-либо the Statue of Westminster (1931) - Вестминстерский статут the Fathers of Confederation - отцы-основатели Конфедерации provincial legislature - законодательный орган (власть) провинции Premier (a head of local government) - премьер social security (social welfare) - социальное обеспечение Canada's political system is very peculiar, for Canada is: -        a constitutional monarchy -        a Federative State -        the parliamentary democracy         The Monarchy    From the days of French colonization and British rule to today's self-government, Canadians have lived under a monarchy: -        first as a British colony -        then (since 18667) as a self-governing "Dominion" -        since 1931 as an independent state Full independence for Canada, as for all British colonies, was established only in 1931 by the Statue of Westminster.  Elizabeth II, Queen of the UK is also Canada's Queen. In her capacity as Queen of Canada she delegates her powers to a Canadian Governor General.   Canada is thus a constitutional monarchy: The Queen rules but doesn't govern. (Reigns but doesn't rule). The Queen's title in Canada is: "the Queen of Great Britain, Canada and other territories".         The Federative State A federal form of government was adopted in 1867 by Canada's 33 "Fathers of Confederation".  A federative state is one that brings together a number of different political communities under a common ground for common purposes and separate regional governments for the particular needs of each region. In Canada the responsibilities of the Federal Parliament (government) include:  -        national defense -        interprovincial and international trade and commerce -        the banking and monetary system -        criminal law -        fisheries -        aeronautics -        shipping, railways telecommunications -        atomic energy -        aboriginal peoples and their lands The provincial legislatures are responsible for: -        education -        property and civil rights -        the administration of justice -        the hospital system -        natural resources within their borders -        social security -        health -        municipal institutions The charity of powers between the federal and provincial government, the balance of powers for a long time has been a difficult political issue. There are branches of Government in Canada.