- •Meaning and goals of macroeconomic.
- •Gross National Product / Gross Domestic Product.
- •Gdp: expenditures and income approaches.
- •5. System of national accounts.
- •6.Measuring Unemployment
- •7. Types of unemployment:
- •8. Levels of unemployment. «Full-employment».
- •9. Economic costs of unemployment.
- •10. Inflation: meaning and measurement. Rule of 70.
- •11. Types of inflation
- •15. Economic growth: definition and ingredients.
- •16. The theories of economic growth.
- •17. Aggregate demand (ad). Ad curve.
- •19. Aggregate supply (as); Determinants of as.
- •20. Segments of as curve.
- •21. As: the Keynesian vs. Classical Debate.
- •22. Equilibrium - classical model. Ratchet effect.
- •31. Multiplier effect of Taxation. Multiplier effect of Government Purchases. ?
- •32. Discretionary Fiscal Policy.
- •33. Cases of discretionary fiscal policy: expansionary and conctractionary policy.
- •34. Nondiscretionary Fiscal Policy. Built-in stabilizers.
- •35. Problems and complications of fiscal policy. ?
- •36. Money: functions and types.
- •37. Supply for money.
- •38. The role of banking sector - creation process.
- •39. Money – creation system. Money multiplier.
- •40. Monetary policy: goals and instruments.
- •41. Types of monetary policy.
- •42. Effectiveness of monetary policy. ?
- •44. The Phillips curve.
- •45. The adaptive and rational expectations theories.
- •46. Supply – side economics. Laffer curve.
- •47. International trade. Comparative advantage.
Meaning and goals of macroeconomic.
Macroeconomics - is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of the whole economy. This includes a national, regional, or global economy.
Goals:
• Low Unemployment
• Price Stability
• Economic Growth
• Complementary and conflicting goals
Gross National Product / Gross Domestic Product.
GNP - Cost of the final goods/services for a year, is the property of citizens of this country.
GDP – is the monetary measure of the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in one year.Includes goods and services produced by citizen-supplied and forigin-supplied within a particular nation’s geographical boundaries.
Types:
nominal GDP (money value of goods and services produced in a year)
real GDP (is adjusted for price level changes) Real GDP= nominal GDP/price index
Gdp: expenditures and income approaches.
Expenditures approach:
GDP = C+I+G+Xn
C – personal consumption expenditures
I – gross private investment
G – Government purchases
Xn – net export
Consumption expenditures: Consumption good expenditures include purchases of nondurable goods, such as food and clothing, and purchases of durable goods, such as appliances and automobiles. Consumption service expenditures include purchases of all kinds of personal services, including those provided by barbers, doctors, lawyers, and mechanics.
Investment expenditures: Investment expenditures can be divided into two categories: expenditures on fixed investment goods and inventory investment. Fixed investment goods are those that are useful over a long period of time. Inventory goods are final goods waiting to be sold that firms have on hand at the end of the year.
Government expenditures: Government expenditures on consumption and investment goods and services are treated as a separate category in the expenditure approach to GDP.
Net exports: Exports are goods and services produced domestically but sold to foreigners, while imports are goods and services produced by foreigners but sold domestically. Net export is a difference between export and import.
Income approach
GDP = W+R+I+Pr+T+A
Wage includes payments by employers into social insurance, pansion, health funds for workers.
Rent consists of payments received by suppliers of property resources.
Interest money – income payments flowing from private businesses to suppliers of money.(процентная ставка)
Corporate profits and Proprieties income – net income of unincorporated businesses.(прибыль предприятия)
Taxes
Amortization – the annual charge which estimates the amount of capital equipment used in each year’s production(отчисления)
4. ?
5. System of national accounts.
NAS - The system of expenses and incomes which help to understand results of economic activities and to apply measures to regulation of economy.
Gages
-Stocks - that are in economy at present.
-Streams - movement of resources in a time unit.
Indicators.
-GNP - Cost of the final goods/services for a year, is the property of citizens of this country.
-GDP - Cost of the final goods/services made in territory of one country, is used by citizens of the country and foreigners.