- •2. Phonetics and its branches.
- •3. Phonetics and a speech sound. Human speech and its stages.
- •4. Language and speech.
- •5. The theoretical and practical aspects of Phonetics.
- •The notion of the phoneme. The phoneme and its main aspects.
- •Relationship between the phoneme and its allophones.
- •The main trends in phoneme theory.
- •1.The notion of the phoneme. The phoneme and its allophones.
- •2.Relationship between the phoneme and its allophones.
- •3. The main trends in phoneme theory.
- •1. The three parts of Phonology as corresponding to the three levels of Linguistic analysis.
- •2. The distributional method in phonology
- •3. The semantic method in phonology
- •Lecture 4.
- •2. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic approaches as the principle aspects of phonological system.
- •3. Synchronic, diachronic and socio-linguistic factors in phonological system.
- •The phonetic structure of a language.
- •1) Type of obstruction;
- •2) Place of obstruction and the active organ of speech;
- •3) Force of articulation.
- •4. The position of the soft palate.
- •1. The place of noise.
- •2. The manner of articulation.
- •2. Constrictive;
- •3. Occlusive-constrictive (affricates);
- •4. Rolled;
- •3. The place of articulation.
- •1. Labial;
- •2. Lingual;
- •3. Glottal;
- •3. Differences in the Articulation Bases of English and Russian Consonants and their Peculiarities
- •It is a reference point which is fixed and unchanged, established within the total range of vowel quality to which any other vowel sound can be directly related.
- •2. Classification of English vowels.
- •1. Classification of the vowels according to the position of the tongue.
- •2. Classification of English vowels according to the position of the lips.
- •3. Classification of English vowels according to length.
- •4. Classification of English vowels according to the degree of tenseness.
- •3. Stability of articulation. English diphthongs.
- •Articulatory Transitions
- •Peculiarities of the cc, cv, vc, VV Articulatory Transitions in English and in Russian
- •Unstressed Vocalism
- •Lecture 8 the principle types of english pronunciation. The teaching norm. Rp and ga
- •Diphthongs
- •Lecture 9.
- •2. Types of Syllables.
- •3. Syllable Formation and Syllable Division.
- •Scale of Sonority
- •4. Vocoids and contoids.
- •2. Types of word stress. Factors, kinds and degrees of word stress.
- •Qualitative type of stress is achieved through the changes in the quality of the vowel under stress.
- •Recessive tendency, 2. Rhythmic tendency, 3.Retentive tendency and 4. Semantic factor.
- •3.Rules of word stress. Stress in compounds.
- •Verb noun adjective
- •4. The functional aspect of word stress.
- •5. Strong and weak forms. Degrees of reduction.
- •6 Sentence stress.
- •2. The structural elements of prosody.
- •3. Intonation Patterns.
- •4. Fundamental Intonation Patterns and their Use.
- •2. Extralinguistic situation and its main constituents:
- •3. The problem of classification of phonetic styles.
- •2. Academic style.
- •Publicistic style.
- •4. Informational style.
- •5. Declamatory style.
- •Список вопросов к экзамену/зачету по теоретической фонетике.
- •Задания для самостоятельной работы
- •2. Declamatory style:
- •Plan of phonostylistic analysis.
1) Type of obstruction;
2) Place of obstruction and the active organ of speech;
3) Force of articulation.
Consonants are made with air stream that meets an obstruction in the mouth or nasal cavities. That is why in the production of consonant sounds there is a certain degree of noise.
Consonants are the bones of a word and the marginal elements of a syllable, the give them their basic shape.
The marginal elements of a syllable are 24 in number and they are classified according to the following principles:
the degree of noise;
the manner of articulation;
the place of articulation;
4. The position of the soft palate.
1. The place of noise.
According to the degree of noise English (and Russian) consonants are divided into two big classes: noise consonants and sonorants. In the production of noise consonants there is a noise component characteristic. Noise consonants vary: 1) in the work of the special vocal cords; 2) in the degree of force of articulation.
According to the work of the vocal cords they may be voiceless and voiced. When the vocal cords are brought together and vibrate we hear voice and consonants are voiced. If the vocal cords are apart and do not vibrate we hear only noise and consonants are voiceless. The degree of noise may vary because of the force of articulation. Strong noise consonants are produced with more muscular energy and stronger breath effort. Weak noise consonants are produced with a relatively weak breath effort.
English phoneticians call the weak or voiced consonants lenis, and the strong or voiceless consonants fortis.
Sonorants (or sonorous consonants) are made with tone prevailing over noise because of a rather wide air passage.
2. The manner of articulation.
The manner of articulation of consonants is determined by the place of obstruction. The obstruction may be complete, incomplete and momentary.
When the obstruction is complete the organs of speech are in contact and the air stream meets a closure of the mouth or nasal cavities. In case of an incomplete obstruction the active organ of speech moves towards the point of articulation and the air stream goes through the narrowing between them. Momentary obstructions are formed when the tip of the tongue taps quickly several times against the teeth ridge.
According to the manner of articulation consonants may be of four groups: 1. occlusive;
2. Constrictive;
3. Occlusive-constrictive (affricates);
4. Rolled;
Occlusive consonants are sounds in the production of which the air stream meets a complete obstruction in mouth. Occlusive noise consonants are called stops because the breath is completely stopped at some point articulation and then it is released with a slight explosion, that is why, they are also called plosives. According to the work of the vocal cords stops may be voiced and voiceless. According to the force of articulation English voiced stops are weak (lenis), voiceless are strong (fortis).
The particular quality of a sonorant depends on the position of the soft palate. Occlusive sonorants are also made with a complete obstruction but the soft palate is lowered and the air stream escapes through the nose, so they are nasal.
2. Constrictive consonants are those in the production of which the air stream meets an incomplete obstruction in the resonator, so the air passage is constricted. Both noise consonants and sonorants may be constrictive.
Constrictive noise consonants are called fricatives , i.e., the consonant sounds in the articulation of which the air passage is constricted and the air escapes through the narrowing with friction.
Constrictive sonorants are also made with an incomplete obstruction but with a rather wide air passage; so tone prevails over noise.
3. Occlusive-constrictive consonants or affricates are noise consonant sounds produced with a complete obstruction which is slowly released and the air escapes from the mouth with some friction. There are only two occlusive-constrictives in English.
4. Rolled consonants are sounds pronounced with periodical momentary obstructions when the tip of the tongue taps quickly several times against the teeth ridge and vibrates in the air stream.